Rachel Carson and the Enviromental Movement Research Paper

Rachel Carson and the Enviromental Movement - Research Paper Example She proceeded with her own examination and works about nature and environmental issues during her government administration and thusly distributed two books Under the Sea Wind (1941) and The Sea around Us (1951). Carson was consulted with two doctorate degrees; national book grant and a national science composing prize and portions from her later book were republished in popular magazines like Science Digest, The Yale Review and The New Yorker. Later she left her government work and began to concentrate on third book The Edge of the Sea (1955). In mid 1957, a letter from an old companion from Duxbury, Massachusetts portrayed declining paces of fowl populace in her private haven after the authorities’ showered fuel oil and DDT. Quickly, Carson investigated DDT and different synthetic concoctions harmful impacts and this turned into the premise of her next book Silent Spring (1962) (Mahoney, 2009). Quiet Spring was at first distributed in serialized magazine structure, later it was discharged as a book (Clapp, 2000). The book turned into a moment smash hit and was generally secured by media. In excess of 250,000 duplicates of her book were sold in the initial four months of its discharge making it a smash hit (Lantier, 2009). In those days, woods and yield lands were widely showered with pesticides, for example, DDT to kill bug bothers. In any case, startling results were seen because of showering against fire ants in South and mosquitoes along the waterfront line from New York to Maine. The outcome was effective destruction of creepy crawly nuisances and sickness vectors however at the expense of huge harm to nearby fauna, natural life and condition. Researchers recorded decrease in fish, flying creatures and creature populace alongside water and soil defilement. Likewise, disturbing varieties in the regenerative examples and egg shells of different winged animals that basically benefited from fish were taken note. These progressions demonstrated hormonal and conceptive changes as well as a lofty decrease in avian populace that could imperil the presence of specific species (Lear, 2001). In particular, three irrelevant occasions were amazingly indispensable in giving proof to Carson to the inconvenient impacts of pesticides, synthetic substances and poisonous squanders on human wellbeing and condition. Initial one, included the USDA battle to annihilate fire insect from Southern states by splashing with dieldrin and heptachlor. These two pesticides aggregated in conduits and soil causing untamed life harm (Lear, 1993). As an outcome of fire subterranean insect control program overwhelming invertebrate everlasting status, populace decay, slow recuperation rate and leftover hints of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide was seen in greater part of fauna in rewarded territory (Dunlap, 2008). Carson (2002) named the fire insect annihilation program as â€Å"ill-imagined, gravely executed and completely adverse examination in decimation of creature life†. Furthermore, the elevated splashing of DDT blended in with fuel oil for mosquito control caused decrease in feathered creature populace in seaside territories (Lear, 1993). Thirdly, DDT was splashed on elm trees in Michigan State University grounds expecting to dispense with bark scarab that was liable for spreading the Dutch elm malady. In any case, alongside bother end huge populace of robin passed on because of benefiting from worms; that benefited from DDT plagued leaves (Lear, 1993). Other essential occasions that supported Carson’s claims was prohibiting of cranberry item deal for a long time (1957-59) as significant levels of poisonous synthetic substances known to cause malignant growth in rodents was found

Prometheus Painting and Myth free essay sample

The portrayal of the legendary story in the work of art Prometheus Bound. This paper talks about the work, from the Baroque Era, of Peter Paul Rubens, whose Prometheus Bound is viewed as probably the best case of a legend being utilized to recount to a contemporary story. The significance of the fantasy is analyzed through an examination of the canvases light, structure, style and pictures. Legends are the accounts that loan importance to the unexplained. For what reason does season follow season? How did mankind become? What is the source of fire? These are nevertheless a portion of the riddles clarified in innumerable stories, plays, and centerpieces. Medieval man looked for significance in the Bible. The houses of prayer of Europe shimmered with windows of recolored glass, each gem like work telling an alternate instructional story. In the Renaissance, Europe rediscovered the universe of Greece and Rome, and the educated discovered new implications in old style fantasy and legend. We will compose a custom paper test on Prometheus: Painting and Myth or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Lords and sovereigns compared themselves to divine beings and saints, and specialists investigated the interaction of imagination and reality. Mythic stories were utilized as outlines of the human condition. In splendid shading and strong structure, painters caught the central core of their reality, the figures of legend and dream filling in as portrayals of prevalent thinking. This time of purposeful anecdote arrived at its stature in the Baroque Era, the time of Peter Paul Rubens, whose Prometheus Bound is perhaps the best case of a legend being utilized to recount to a contemporary story. It is likewise a picture of the whole Baroque world.

Decision Day 2011 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Decision Day 2011 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Decision Day 2011 Yes, today is the day that final decisions are available to freshman applicants. My estimation is that the myStatus page will be open sometime around 4:30 pm EST today, but I will be out of the office this afternoon and will not be able to post the usual announcement right after it goes live. I will also not be available for most the evening to reply to any comments/questions, so be patient. Here are a few quick notes about today: Please do no have everyone in your family try to log onto the site. It will only slow down our servers, so I suggest that just you, the student, log in. You can then share this information after you see it. I do not have any statistics for the admitted or wait-listed group, but I will post them early next week (most likely just the mid 50% ranges). Please do not post any of your statistics on this blog, as that is not what this is site is about, and there are other places to do this (and many personal stats are not quite how we see them, ie. GPAs, balance of test scores, etc.). I will put up three posts this afternoon, one for each of the three decision possibilities, with details about each decision and some links to FAQs. Please read everything about a decision before commenting. Please remember that both the other students and the admissions counselors in my office are actual people, and treat them with respect. Before hitting submit on a comment, make sure you actually want to post it. No matter what the decision, know that there a a number of college options, and UGA is just one of them. After decisions are out, the next steps are up to you, from depositing at a school, signing up for housing, etc. Make sure you take care of everything post-decision! Go Dawgs!

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity - 1073 Words

Faith can be defined as a confidence trust in a person, a religion or a doctrine, it is viewed as hope or belief. Faith help us to live our lives fuller and better. From the perspective of Buddhism faith is center on the understanding that Buddha superior role is to teach on the working of the mind, contemplation so that the truthfulness, righteousness and efficacy of the ideal in which on develop faith. It is rooted in rational intellectual comprehension, strengthened and sharpened by intellect. Christianity associated faith in the person of God, holy, creator of all things, to keep faith alive Christians read the scriptures Old and New Testament of the bible and practice a regimen of prayers and study that offer guidance support and†¦show more content†¦The critical components of healing in Christianity includes prayer, workshop, meditation, bible study, counseling, support group and spiritual reading. Prayers has been shown to affect healing from all aspects of Christian life (mind, body and soul) and also affect our ability to be well. If we need to connect to God need to live healthy in body and spirit and have to be completely whole. Prayer means different things to different people, for some it is silent, meditation, for others it is process of reading or receiving a prayer with or by another person, it can also mean a conversation with God. Physicians and health professionals’ aid or help in the healing process with medicines. The critical components of healing in Native American is based on spirituality, practice which prayer is an important part, other methods of healing are music, massage, counseling. Native American sees illness has a spiritual problems, imbalances which can be cure by herbs, meditation and rituals and they have multiple types of healing practices which differ between various nations, healers. Most common include the use of herbal remedies such as tea, tinctures and salves which is used to treat many physical conditions. Symbolic healing rituals which include chanting, dancing, painting bodies are used to revoke the spirits and cure the sick person which vary greatly due to multiple tribes and can also last forShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Provider and Faith Diversity1394 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Grand Canyon University HLT-310V September 19, 2013 Abstract As a heath care provider it is important to assess our patient’s faith. To a lot of people faith and spirituality play a large part in their overall health and healing. Health care providers cannot be expected to know about every kind of faith in the world but assessing and talking with patients regarding their personal beliefs will help with understanding more about patientsRead MoreHealth Care Provider And Faith Diversity1563 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Care Provider and Faith Diversity The United States has always been the symbol of freedom of religion and health care today has needed to increase its knowledge in incorporating the many different religions/spiritual beliefs in order to provide a more holistic approach to care. As health care providers we should not look in validating our own practice in regards to religion or spirituality but to comprehend and learn to see the patterns of similarities and differences in order to provideRead MoreHealth Care Provider And Faith Diversity1530 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Care Provider and Faith Diversity In health care, health care professionals come in contact with various religions, cultures, beliefs, and worldviews. Although many of the world views may differ, faith in a higher power remains the same. Furthermore, being able to compare two prevalent cultures such as Christianity and Buddhism, shows that faith is prevent along with the rituals that go along with them. However, for many, taking care of someone with a different religious preference can beRead MoreHealth Care Provider And Faith Diversity1884 Words   |  8 PagesHealthcare providers are exposed to various worldviews across the care continuum. In order to provide unbiased care that is consistent with an individual’s worldview, providers must educate themselves to the variety of faith expressions present within their society. This paper will examine the various worldviews associated with Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity, as well as assess the spiritual perspective on, and the critical components of healing tha t are unique to each faith. A comparative analysisRead MoreHealth Care Provider and Faith Diversity1538 Words   |  7 Pages Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity: First Draft Student Name Grand Canyon University: HLT 302 March 20, 2016 Abstract Christianity and Buddhism are two religions that believe very differently from one another. They have a different god; believe differently about how the world was created, what humans are and how we evolved. They have different beliefs on what happens after one dies, how we know what we know, and how we know right from wrong. These two religions even have a different ideaRead MoreHealth Care Provider and Faith Diversity 1238 Words   |  5 Pagesreligions that a health care provider may care for in the nursing field. It will discuss the spiritual perspective, as well as the critical components of healing, such as through prayer and meditation. The writer will give a brief summary of each religions belief. The three religions that will be discussed in this paper are Native American, Hinduism, and Buddhism. This paper will discuss what is important to people who are cared for of a particular faith by the health care provider who may have anRead MoreHealth Care Provider And Faith D iversity1842 Words   |  8 PagesHealth Care Provider and Faith Diversity Introduction As time passes, the field of health care continually expands and advances. When thinking back to the way health care was portrayed a few decades ago, healing pertained only to the correct administration of medical treatment and scientific interventions. However, it is now clear that spirituality relates to positive health results. In fact, society as a whole is more spiritually diverse now than ever before. Accordingly, health care associatesRead MoreEssay on Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity1857 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: FAITH DIVERSITY Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Grand Canyon University: HLT 310V June 3, 2012 Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive look at the following faiths: Buddhism, Judaism, Baha’i, and Christianity. The reader will find that Buddhism is more of a philosophy than a religion that focuses on the mind as being the creator of illness and health. The reader will also find that Judaism, Baha’i, and Christianity are all religions that believe in one God,Read MoreEssay on Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity1051 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: HEALTH CARE PROVIDER AND FAITH DIVERSITY Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Kris Pearson Grand Canyon University HLT 302 February 12, 2011 Different religious groups have different believe system in the provision of the healthcare. The health personnel such as doctors and nurses should be aware of the religious beliefs of their patients for effectively delivering medical care. In provision of medical care, religious faith and beliefs of the patient is incorporatedRead MoreHealth Care Provider and Faith Diversity Revised1722 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Care Provider and Faith Diversity: First Draft Grand Canyon University Foundations of Spirituality in Health Care HLT-310V October 06, 2012 Abstract In this paper the author will explain what is faith and religion, and compare the philosophy of Sikh, Buddhism, and Jewish religions with that Christian and the author’s religion, include spiritual perspective and elements of healing, how necessary is to permit patient to practice their religious beliefs and rituals, and last

The Ultimate Toefl Essay Topics 2011 Trick

The Ultimate Toefl Essay Topics 2011 Trick The Basic Facts of Toefl Essay Topics 2011 All you have to do now is to choose an example to support every one of your points. Use particular reasons and examples to back up your selection. Use reasons and specific examples to back up your answer. Use certain reasons and examples to back up your answer. The majority of the questions are on current topics, therefore staying updated with what's going on in the world is really going to help you think of ideas. Since there's no other side to cope with, you have more time to spell out the 1 topic you chose. There are a few unique means by which you might structure an essay like, but the simplest one could be the very best. We have a tendency to delay our writing thinking that's it isn't the proper time to begin, and we'll have better ideas later. The Hidden Treasure of Toefl Essay Topics 2011 With the assistance of technology, life is easier today than before. Nobody expects you to b e a subject matter expert. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. The Meaning of Toefl Essay Topics 2011 One of the most difficult sections to prep for on the TOEFL may be the essay. All these methods will be able to help you create the tools you require to be successful on the TOEFL iBT. If you prefer additional aid, try out this TOEFL writing online preparation class. Study for every one of the TOEFL sections with this comprehensive preparation class. You shouldn't utilize statistics since you won't be in a position to research during the exam. My goal today is to offer you all of the info you'll want to be successful with the TOEFL Independent Writing section. Take a look at this list of SAT essay prompts that will help you kickstart your studying! This list of questions appears right on the TOEFL practice website and can show up on your true TOEFL writing test. Definitions of Toefl Essay Topics 2011 Folks should sometimes do things they do not delight in doing. They choose to throw parties for a number of reasons. They can use these sites to find their friends with whom they have not communicated for a long time. Your spelling also needs to be correct. TOEFL raters study your capacity to produce various kinds of sentences. For our prompts, we'll be studying some of Kate's excellent suggestions within this post on TOEFL writing. Many students have trouble thinking of particular examples, but it's a significant part of excellent writing. The Foolproof Toefl Essay Topics 2011 Strategy Speaking about your opinions will help it become much easier to write about them. Talk about both views and provide your opinion. Use certain reasons and examples to back up your opinion. Use reasons and specific examples to back up your opinion. Toefl Essay Topics 2011 - Is it a Scam? You should express your primary idea in an obvious way in the coming of the essay. There are quite a lot of techniques to compose an essay so you'll hardly locate an all-included recipe for a great many essay occasions. The conventional five-paragraph essay is normal in writing argumentative essays, but it's only one method to write one. Use particular reasons to come up with your essay. The essays are broken up into two. Then take a look at a list of argumentative essay advice to help you begin. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! Definitions of Toefl Essay Topics 2011 You don't require an introductory paragraph, but you need to definitely compose a thesis statement. Each body paragraph should include a point that supports your primary idea. In each one of the 3 paragraphs, your very first sentence, known as the topic sentence, is going to be the point you're explaining from your thesis. 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There are a few ways that you can enhance your score by employing some basic strategies. You are able to still receive a great score with minor errors. Writing about a different topic is a simple approach to receive a minimal score.

Feasibility Study Proposal Example Free Essays

Business Proposal for Al Bustan Retail Facility (ARF) Prepared By: Dr. Munir Hourani Introduction Al Bustan Retail Facility (ARF) Business Proposal will define broad city-wide goals for sustainable development into focused, actionable, area-specific strategies to ensure the vitality of the central area of Abu Dhabi city and enable us to achieve our community vision Abu Dhabi 2030. The planning process will place an emphasis on ways to promote and improve mixed uses and quality future concept of a retail facility, service-oriented and affordable, transportation and parking management, and the quality and capacity of public infrastructure. We will write a custom essay sample on Feasibility Study Proposal Example or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our intent is to identify, understand, and address current strengths and barriers to the creation of new futuristic retail facility development. At the same time we need to make the hard decisions necessary to facilitate the continued evolution and maturation of this vital and dynamic mixed use (ARF) facility. We will hire specialized retail consultant to help produce and accomplish this study and put it in force. Feasibility Study Methodology Our Study will serve the objectives by addressing the future retail marketing concepts through utilizing and studying of the following trends: 1. Successful in international retail trends and retailing trends to attract the ‘new consumer’. 2. Creating new store (Future Stores) designs and concepts to engage consumers and drive profits. 3. Utilizing the latest in-store technology platforms to effectively create, manage and measure the in-store shopper experience. 4. Harnessing the power of innovative multichannel solutions to engage with new customers and increase the shopper experience 5. Maximizing the potential of social media to engage with the new consumer 6. Future Branding: Connecting your brand with today’s consumer 7. Engaging with the regional consumer: Successfully introducing customer loyalty schemes to increase repeat custom, brand visibility and profitability 8. Capitalizing on the soaring growth of the grocery and FMCG market in the Middle East. Retail Feasibility Analysis A retail market analysis will help to determine strengths, gaps and opportunities for retail development and retention of ARF. Bearing in mind the following feasibility understanding: Abu Dhabi downtown is home to one of the most dynamic small downtowns in the UAE. ARF is one of the centerpiece of the community from a retail, dining, and entertainment perspective and widely regarded as one of the most successful mixed-use area. The ARF vicinity provides a variety of office, residential, cultural, retail, and institutional uses and is the undisputed center of new Abu Dhabi. * Over the past several years, the retail climate in Abu Dhabi has evolved. Major retail developments, traditional retail competitors and malls have added worthy competitors to downtown Abu Dhabi. Retail business has benefitted from the climate dominating Abu Dhabi island ( humid and hot ) most of the years round, to create the culture of shopping and entertaining in indoor areas. * Downtown Abu Dhabi is now at a crossroads of development. The community has enjoyed marked success since the boom of 1990s and does not wish to rest on those accomplishments. The recent recession has â€Å"complicated† the market forces at work in the country, resulting in store closures, reduced profits, and traditional retail churn. In Abu Dhabi all of this is happening at the same time that retail and dining destinations have expanded out of the traditional retail business. * As you know Abu Dhabi now is on the cusp of a new downtown master plan process that will provide detailed analysis of downtown and provide the chance to share this planned community expansion. Scope of Work We will be working on the following subjects or tasks to fulfill the Objectives of the study. The Scope of work will be limited to the following: 1. Review and understanding of prior Abu Dhabi retail market. 2. Overview of local and ARF vicinity retail capacity including: * Market definition * Market segmentation and demographic analysis 3. Analyze the existing retail mix and growth for the ARF, and the assessment of visitor versus local traffic. 4. Identify potential retail voids in the ARF area. 5. Recommendations to capture retail market opportunities, and reinforce customer base. 6. Marketing recommendations: to develop a series of new retail brand allocation (Franchises), marketing, business retention, and recruitment recommendations for ARF. Specific Deliverables: 1. Review of prior Abu Dhabi retail market Report. . Local and ARF vicinity retail capacity Report. 3. The assessment of visitor versus local traffic Report. 4. Identify potential retail voids in the ARF area Report. 5. Marketing Recommendations and new retail brand Recommendation Report. 6. Al Bustan Retail Facility (ARF) Feasibility Study Final Report; detailing the results of the tasks mentioned above, also including an E xecutive Summary of major findings. 7. An annotated presentation for sharing findings easily with stakeholders. Project Phases Phase 1: Review of prior Abu Dhabi retail market task, and Local and ARF vicinity retail capacity task. This phase will end with delivery of the mentioned tasks Reports. Phase 2: The assessment of visitor versus local traffic task. Identify potential retail voids in the ARF area task, nd Marketing Recommendations task. This phase will end with delivery of the mentioned tasks Reports. Phase 3: Feasibility Study Final Report; detailing the results of the tasks mentioned above, also including an Executive Summary of major findings. Project Duration This study will need 90 days for the purpose of executing all Business Proposal objectives. How to cite Feasibility Study Proposal Example, Essay examples

Non verbal communication free essay sample

Identify the different reasons people communicate. 1:2 Explain how communication affects relationship in the work setting. Communication can be delivered in many different forms. The main way to communicate is verbally. We do this continuously throughout the day, sometime without even thinking about it. The ability to communicate with people is a vital factor in working towards building relationships. When meeting a new client, I show them positive body language by smiling and saying â€Å"hello†. This helps to start building a good relationship between myself and the service uses so that they feel confident and begin to trust me. We can express our feelings and needs through communication. We can do this verbally, adjusted our tone and volume to suit our mood and non-verbally by crossing our arms to show us in a defensive mood or by giving a hug to a person who is emotional. Working with adults who have autism they may have difficulty expressing themselves and may display an array of emotions not suited to there mood. We will write a custom essay sample on Non verbal communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sometimes people not familiar with this behaviour don’t understand the emotion being displayed by the adult with autism, this may cause frustration, aggression, anxiety and withdrawal with the autistic adult as they are being misunderstood. It’s important to be patient, approachable, non-judgmental and a good listener. It is also good to recognising the different needs of young people. Communication is a way of exchanging information either verbally, in writing or non-verbally. In a work setting the information express may be about the service users, issues, situations or knowledge of the job. Effective communication is essential. When giving instructions, they should be clear and on a level so the person receiving it can understand to avoid confusion. To inform clients about the activities available to them, I verbally tell them and also give them a leaflet this helps to reminds them of what is on offer and is sometimes easier to understand and it is there in black and white. Communication is particularly important in the work setting as it can affect the relationships we build. We need to build relationships with service users, parents and relevant authorities. To do this successfully we have to ensure the relationship grows with the use of effective communication; we can do this by providing the necessary information needed. Communication has to be clear and concise, both verbal and written. Without these skills we cannot engage productively with individuals and there will be a breakdown in communication and relationship. The first time we meet clients it is important that we are friendly and welcoming. This is the start of the relationship and it is good to begin with firm foundations and that they get a positive feeling about us. Daily conversations, asking â€Å"How are you† or â€Å"what did u do over the weekend† will slowly build up a rapport with the service user. Gradually the relationship will move on from that first friendly hello to deep conversations learning more about them. Team communication is important and essential to keep everyone in the group knowledgeable about what is going on within that group. Positive communication skills like listening, open-ended questions and calm tone of voice help bring people together. Workplace relationships also become a lot stronger when people can clearly and effectively communicate what they need and allow others to do the same. Effective relationships in the work setting enables to you provide support to others and expect support from them in times of difficulties. This also means promoting a positive working environment where colleagues experience job satisfaction. Service users will also trust practitioners because information is regularly shared and concerns are addressed within an environment that encourages open communication. People who work together as a team with a common aim will provide the best possible service for the service user. 2:2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication. You need to consider a number of factors when promoting effective communication. When using verbal communication you should make sure your tone and pitch of your voice suits the situation or topic that you are talking about. A louder, low tone and more direct communication maybe required when giving someone instructions. However in a situation whereby a service user is upset a quieter and understanding tone may be used to reassure them. Use of language is important, when talking to service users with autism you need to keep things simpler and direct than if you were talking to an adult without autism. However if you’re talking to an adult using very simple instructions this may be deemed as patronising, so it is important to choose your language carefully. The speed in which you talk is also a key factor. When talking to service users. I tend to get down to their level if they are in a itting position and talk to them at a relatively slow but not patronising speed, this way they are more likely to understand me more than if I was walking round above them talking Facial and hand gestures again this needs to be tailored to the situation or topic. When welcoming someone you might smile, have open body language and maybe shake hands depending on the situation. Where by frowning and crossing arms w hen welcoming someone may give the impression that you don’t want to be there or are annoyed. Eye contact is an important factor as this engages the audience, keeping them focused on what you are discussing. By making eye contact you are directing your conversation at that specific person, demonstrating that you are devoting your time and are not able to be distracted as if you would by looking around. Body language plays an important part, for example folded arms can indicate you are being defensive or not open to conversation. Personal space should be adjustable to each situation. Making sure you have enough space from the person you are communicating with so that you are both comfortable The environment that you are communicating in should be appropriate to suit the situation. Loud music or busy places can make people lose concentration and it may make them look not interested in the conversation. This environment would not be suitable to have a personal conversation or a team meeting. Quite, calm and familiar places produce effective communication making people at ease and comfortable to chat. This helps make sharing and receiving information clear, precise and without distractions. 3:1 Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication me 3:2 Identify barriers to effective communication methods in different ways. Communication can be different when using it with other people from different backgrounds. Communication can be interpreted in different ways by different cultures, this is because they may not speak English, if from a different country, or they may not understand you. Different people from other backgrounds may use verbal communication to express what they think, however they could also use non-verbal communication to put their point across. Communication can be used in many ways by using different methods. Service users from different backgrounds can communicate by doing what they think is best, but may not be social excepable. Service user could use rapid body movements and shout to express their needs or what they want to do in the workplace. Support workers may use gestures like a hand shake and body language to show the service user that they are always friendly and can be relied on. Different backgrounds of different people can cause misunderstandings when using communication. However, they will be able to interpret the communication they’re using by using hand gestures, facial expressions or maybe body language. We shouldn’t think that everyone has the same view point or style of communication there are factors that hinder communication. Some cultures don’t use eye contact as we do and there approach is more formal. Family back ground can also play a large part in the way we communicate some children might use more than one language, others might have vibrant noisy homes while others have quiet homes this all affects children’s communication but later also affects the way that they communicate as adults. The personality and upbringing can also affect the way an individual communicates. For example, if a person is shy due to a unsteady upbringing, he/she may not speak clearly and may use a little bit of verbal communication and use more defensive body language. There are many barriers to effective communication. Back ground can become a barrier for communication. We should find the best way to communicate with people from other backgrounds. You may need an interpreter or find other means of communicating with service user that do not speak English. Lack of literacy skills can stop people from using written communication. Service users might mite use sign language or help from flash cards. A service user that has a speech or hearing impairment or a learning disability that finds it hard to communicate through speech may get frustrated because they are not understood. Their condition may stop them from communicating effectively and might need visual aids to help them communicate. We should listen to the whole conversation and give yourself time for respond. 3. 5 Explain how to assess extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively When communicating with a service user is necessary to promoting that service users welfare, if their first language isn’t English to use an interpreter must be used. In cases an interpreter is not able to come maybe having family members or friend present can help communication. Each local government body should provide Language Support Services, which will include British Sign Language interpreters, deaf blind interpreters, lip speakers/readers, and note takers. Speech and language services can be used. They can find ways to communicate with the service user and could give ideas for resources like makaton, picture exchange communication systems. National advocacy organisations may be able to assist and offer a independent and confidential services including advocacy to service who are in care. The service provides service users with the opportunity to talk to an advocate to help them to make decisions. 4:1 Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality 4. 3 Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individual’s confidentiality and disclosing concerns Confidentiality means not sharing information about people without their knowledge and agreement, and ensuring that all information cannot be accessed or read by people who have no reason to see it. Confidentiality is important as service users may not trust a support worker who does not keep information confident. This could affect their self-esteem if their private details are shared with others may make the service users feel devalued, as there personal issue will be someone else’s gossip. Service user’s safety may be put at risk if details of their property and habits are shared publicly. Polices should be in place, introduce to new staff and maintain within the company both with regard to the handling of private data relating to service users and to that relating to staff and ensure that all staff are aware of the policy. All sensitive information relating to service users should be in a secure place where only care staff can access it. Confidential information which comes to your attention should be shared only on a need to know basis and not with any other persons other than care staff and the service user concerned, although an exception could be made in the case of an emergency where urgent care needs to be given requiring access to the information. You should assess whether you feel it correct to pass on information to a relevant person. Thinking about what is the confidential information and the situation in which you received that information and what are the reasons why it must be kept confidential or effects of being disclosed. If possible can you use the company policies, procedures and your professional experience to find out how youre expected to disclose confidential information and report concerns. All companies should have a designated person to deal with service users issues. If you have concerns that a service user is being abused it is our job to disclose this information to the designated person. It is important to follow the right steps whilst reporting a case of abuse or a suspected case, we need to gather the correct information. This can be very hard to work out sometimes so having designated colleagues to discuss this with will help you come to a quick conclusion and more accurately. Service users should have a copy of the confidencality policy which states that information regarding every service user will be disclosed if it is deemed that any service user is in significant harm/danger. This gives us the right to report any kind of abuse to the safeguarding board without the parents/carers permission. When a service user discloses information to you we should not promise to keep a secret because we will have to disclose the information given and this will make the service user think that they cannot trust that person anymore, they trusted you in the first place to disclose the information.

Environmental Issues of Coal Mining Essays

Environmental Issues of Coal Mining Essays Environmental Issues of Coal Mining Paper Environmental Issues of Coal Mining Paper High levels of suspended particulate matter increase respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma cases while gaseous emissions contribute towards global warming besides causing health hazards to the exposed population. The uncontrolled dust not only creates serious health hazard but also affects the productivity through poor visibility, breakdown of equipment, increased maintenance cost and ultimately deteriorates the ambient air quality in and around the mining site. The dust can also pollute nearby surface waters and Stunt crop growth by shading and logging the pores of the plants. Besides polluting the environment, the generation of dust means the loss of fines, which act as road surface binders. Problem with greenhouse gases, acid rain and ground level ozone The key environmental challenges facing the coal industry are related to both coal mining and the use of coal greenhouse gases, acid rain and ground level ozone, issues which can be local, regional and global in their impacts. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon which refers to the increase in the earths surface temperature due to the presence of certain gases in the atmosphere. There is concern that this natural phenomenon is being altered by a greater build up of gases caused by human activity. This is known as the enhanced greenhouse effect. The combustion of coal, like that of other fossil fuels, produces CO, a gas that is linked to global warming through the greenhouse effect. The combustion of coal produces gaseous emissions of sulfur dioxide (SIS) and nitrous oxides (Knox) that are responsible for the production of acid rain and ground level ozone. Acid rain occurs when SIS and Knox gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other Heimlich to form acidic compounds. Ground level ozone (03) is mainly responsible for smog that forms a brown haze over cities. Ground level ozone is formed when Knox gases react with other chemicals in the atmosphere and is enhanced by strong sunlight. Emissions of SIS and Knox are termed trans- boundary air pollution because the environmental impacts from the production of these gases are not restricted by geographical boundaries. II) Impact of Coal Mine Fires A number of coal mines in the country are affected by fires leading to steady destruction of precious energy resource. The reason for mine fires resalable involves the phenomenon of spontaneous heating through two interrelated processes biz. , the oxygen coal interaction or oxidative process and the thermal process. If remains uncontrolled, the fire could spread further through interconnected pathways and fissures in the strata. It is estimated that about 10% of total national coal resources are in the fire- affected areas. Mine fires give rise to several environmental problems besides safety hazards and economic losses. Apart from direct losses due to burning of coal, the other associated hazards encountered are: I) gas poisoning, ii) difficult ego- inning conditions, iii) sterilization of coal, iv) hindrance to production v) explosions, vi) damage to structure and adjacent properties, etc. (Ill) Impact of Mining on Water regime Disturbance to hydrological regime Mining and its associated activities not only uses a lot Of water but also affects the hydrological regime of the district and often affects the water quality. Large and deep opencast mines usually have great impact on the hydrological regime of the region. The major hydrological impact of a large and deep opencast mine, however, is on the ground water regime of the region. The eater seeping into the mine and collected in the mine sump is partly used up in the mine and the excess amount is discharged into the surface drainage system. The water used up in the mine for spraying on haul roads, conveyors, at loading and unloading points, bunkers etc. Are lost by evaporation. A deep mine is likely to have longer haul roads requiring more spraying water. The water used for green belts and plantation areas are also lost by Eva- transpiration.. Many areas of the country are faced with the problem Of over exploitation of ground water resources resulting in alarming lowering of eater table. Therefore a lot of care has to be taken in estimating the water need and the mines of future are likely to be subjected to a lot of constraints on water use and discharge. Acid Mine Drainage Acidic water results in severe water pollution problems. Acid Mine Drainage (MAD) refers to distinctive types of waste bodies that originate from the weathering and leaching of sulfide minerals present in coal and associated strata. Environmental effects of MAD include contamination of drinking water and disrupted growth and reproduction Of aquatic plants and animals. Effects f MAD related to water pollution include the killing of fish and loss of aquatic life and corrosion of mining equipments and structures such as barges, bridges and concrete materials. MAD is the most persistent pollution problems in mines of North Eastern Coalfield. Generally, water quality characteristics of acidic mine water reflect high acidity and high hardness along with high iron and sulfate contents. Various toxic trace/ heavy metals become soluble in acidic water and may be presenting significant to concentration levels depending upon their availability in the source material. Fortunately the considerable majority of coal mining areas are safe and only in a few localized areas problem of MAD exists. MAD cripples the economy of mines due to compliance of stringent environmental standards and involves huge cost burden in its management. IV) Impact of Mining on Land Irrespective of the type of mining used for extracting coal, mining invariably results in enormous land disturbance- e. G. Large scale excavation, removal of top soil, dumping of solid wastes, cutting of roads, creation of derelict land etc. The mining industry, in general, is reluctant to remanded overburden trial for economic reasons but in a few cases it has been planned to remanded the material to fill the voids created at the end of mining, and it is expected that the practice will become more widespread in future.

How to Answer the Toughest Interview Questions

How to Answer the Toughest Interview Questions The toughest interview questions can be deceptive- after all, how can â€Å"tell me about yourself† be a trap? In reality, these are questions that require some thought behind them, and that means you don’t want to look like the proverbial deer in headlights while you scramble for an answer. Here are some of the most common tough question types, and how to get through them.What is your biggest weakness?/Tell me about a time you failed./What is your greatest missed opportunity? These are questions designed to get you to be honest, and to (unofficially raise any red flags for the interviewer). They’re kind of a trap. If you say you don’t have any weaknesses or failures, they’re likely to keep digging until you reveal something you might not want to reveal. If you use a blatantly positive â€Å"weakness,† like â€Å"I love my job too much,† that will likely also result in more pushing for the real you.Instead, confront these questions hea d-on. Before the interview, prep some examples of times you faced adversity in your job, but that you persevered. Find a way to turn it into a backdoor positive: â€Å"My weakness is that I try to take on too much, but I’ve learned along the way to trust the people around me and work on realistic plans to get the job done.† Or â€Å"I used to have issues with organization, but now I’ve developed a planning method that works for me, and I also take advantage of tools like Asana to keep me on track.†Are you a team player?/Tell me about a time you handled conflict./What would you do if you disagreed with your boss?These questions are meant to gauge your ability to work with others. Incorrect answers include: â€Å"There’s no ‘I’ in ‘team,’ right?† However, you also don’t want to look like a middle-of-the-pack pushover. The best way to handle questions like these is to have specific examples of how you’ve collaborated with others in the past. If you were the leader, make sure you emphasize that, and talk about how important it is for the whole team to work well together and put aside differences so that the work gets done.Aren’t you overqualified for this position?/Where do you see yourself in five years?/What are your long-term goals?  These are commitment questions. The last person a company wants to hire is someone who’s going to bolt for a new opportunity six months in. Realistically, the interviewer knows you’re not likely to put in 50 years in this job, but it’s good to reassure him or her that you’re committed to the idea of this role. The answer to the long-term question doesn’t need to be, â€Å"I see myself right here in this position,† but definitely talk about how you see yourself growing into the role and what your professional goals are in the industry.The â€Å"overqualified† question can be especially sticky, e specially in a tough job market were people just want a foot in the door. If that’s the case, be honest that you’re seeking a position where you can settle in and build a new arm of your career, picking up new experiences and bringing your skill set to this new job, even if it’s a step back in seniority.If you practice these kinds of questions beforehand, and have a mental list of specific anecdotes and points you want to hit in the interview, the interview should go more smoothly. You never want to be caught by surprise, lest you start rambling or admitting to things that make you look like a weaker candidate. Always find a way to spin answers to these questions as either a strength or as a learning experience, and you’ll do well on interview day.

The use of criminal law in relation to insider dealing in the United Essay

The use of criminal law in relation to insider dealing in the United Kingdom is both draconian and unnecessary. Discuss - Essay Example The proposed criminal laws purport that the act is unfair since an investor who has inside information is highly likely to make more profits as compared to a typical investor. Other scholars claim that unauthorised insider trading tends to increase the cost of capital on the issuers of securities; hence, reducing economic growth (Alexander 2007, pp. 229-230). However, it is undoubtedly that though the set criminal laws are meant to help the investors and ensure economic success, they are unnecessary, draconian, and obviously counter-intuitive. Wagner (2011, pp. 974-975) asserts that the criminal laws are extreme and there is a need to legalise insider dealings to benefit the markets, ensure more transparency, reduce accounting fraud, and act on timely and factual information. Various scholars posit that criminal laws regarding insider trading in the UK are unnecessary and are a burden to some market participants. This is because though such trading has been illegal since the year 1980, it has always been difficult to effectively prosecute persons who have been accused of such dealings. In most cases, the suspects are able to escape arrest or prosecution; thus, the regulators often rely on fines to punish those who are found abusing the market. It is unfortunate though that the fines have always been perceived as inefficient since the perpetrators are able to walk scot-free since they have the necessary resources to cover their fines. In that case, this only increases the rate of misconduct; making the set laws redundant (Ferran 2004, pp. 44-45). The number of insider dealing cases by the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK has heightened in the past years. Since the year 2009 to 2013, there have been roughly 23 convictions. For instance, in 2009, Christian Littlewood who was a corporate financier and an insider trader was sentenced to three years and four months in jail. It was believed that the gross profit accumulated from his

PHI 101 Metaphysics and Theories of Reality Essay

PHI 101 Metaphysics and Theories of Reality - Essay Example We live in a dynamic universe. Knowledge is continually evolving. Progress on the scientific, economic and political fronts is essential for survival. Stagnation leads to entropy. There can be no standing still or going back. Growth is a fact of life and ensures that knowledge is continuously updated, and new paradigms constantly replace the old. Once the dynamic nature of knowledge is accepted, it follows that there can be no single universally accepted paradigm to withstand the test of time. Perceptions and standards change over time and become relative to a particular period or civilization. There can be no absolute standards. Each new discovery indicates the shortcomings of previous perspectives. This mandates openness to the diversity of life. When knowledge is continually evolving, and change is inevitable, bigotry has no place in belief systems. By acknowledging that beliefs and values are relative, we open our minds to the viewpoints of others. This approach can contribute towards a better understanding of different perspectives and constitute a bulwark against fundamentalism and rigidity in beliefs. The study of knowledge clearly offers evidence of the interdependence of all aspects of the world. The evolutionary nature of the universe, and of knowledge, tends towards increasing complexity. This includes social complexity. The contemporary theory of ‘Open Systems’ emphasizes that all systems are open and demonstrates that there is interaction on all fronts, both within the component parts of a system, and with the surroundings. Interaction is a prerequisite for growth. The complexity and organization of a system can be maintained only through this openness. Just as the units of nature are interdependent open systems, human society is also an open system which can survive only through interaction. Mutual interdependence is a fact of human life. We

Most Important Function Of The International Monetary Fund Finance Essay

Most Important Function Of The International Monetary Fund Finance Essay As Mussa says In official discussions of the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), especially at meetings of the IMF Executive Board and of the ministerial-level International Monetary and finance Committee, it is often observed that surveillance is the IMFs most important function.  [1]   Evidence on the importance of this function is what I quote from the literature of Murilo Portugal who points out that: One of the main purposes of the IMF is to promote international cooperation on monetary and financial affairs, being the machinery for consultation and collaboration on these issues. However, of all IMF functions this is the one that is least developed. This function is currently performed by means of exercises of multilateral surveillance of global economic and financial conditions. Two major reports are prepared twice a year for that purpose, the World Economic Outlook and the Global Financial Stability Report. These reports are discussed by the Executive Board and later taken up by the IMFC, both of which make generic exhortations to certain countries or group of countries to pursue policies that are considered appropriate from their own perspective, but that are also required from a global point of view. There is, however, a clear need to enhance the effectivene ss of multilateral surveillance.  [2]   Mr Lars Heikensten said the following on surveillance: The IMFs key instrument for reaching its overall objective should be its preventive activities, which are primarily carried out within the scope of its surveillance function. The IMFs primarily role is not to treat illnesses but to prevent them from breaking out. Much can be done to bolster the IMFs surveillance function, both as regards individual countries but also, to an increasing extent, by way of a stronger regional and global focus. This change in emphasis can, among other things, be motivated by the fact that globalisation and increased integration has resulted in a situation where more and more countries national policies give rise to externalities. A strong multilateral surveillance function could contribute, more clearly than today, to creating a broad international discussion of global imbalances, incorrectly valued exchange rates, etc., which generate risks to stability both in individual countries and in the interna tional financial system as a whole. In this context, it is crucial that the member countries accept and support the role that has been given to the IMF, including taking seriously its advice and recommendations. We are often more keen to underline the importance of the IMFs surveillance function for other countries than we are to be guided by the IMFs analyses of our own countries. This is not beneficial for the IMFs credibility.  [3]   For more several reasons, one of them is that we are now living the globalization era and as I cite from the IMF official website that In todays globalized economy, where the economic and financial policies of one country may spill over to affect many other countries, international cooperation on a global scale to monitor and influence economic developments is essential. With its nearly universal membership of 185  countries, IMF surveillance provides the mechanism for this cooperation. Effective surveillance contributes to a stable international monetary system that sustains sound economic growth through the following mutually-reinforcing processes: multilateral surveillance, or oversight of the world economy; and bilateral surveillance which comprises appraisal of and advice on the policies of each individual member country to promote external and domestic stability (including growth); analysis of cross country spillovers; and sharing of the aggregate experience of 185 members.  [4]   Another reason is that the supervision of fiscal transparency or supervision of monetary and financial transparency goes under, acts and interacts with the function of surveillance which monitors the policies chosen by the governments and the central banks of the member families and the. The Fiscal transparency entails being open to the public about the structure and functions of government that determine fiscal policies and outcomes, and the past, present, and future fiscal activities of government. Such transparency fosters better-informed public debate, as well as greater government accountability and credibility.  [5]   And the transparency of the Monetary and financial policies can be more effective if their objectives, rationale, and methods of implementation are communicated to the public in a clear and timely manner. Such transparency by central banks and financial agencies responsible for supervision and regulation of financial institutions and markets can also foster more informed market expectations, and greater public accountability.  [6]   Another reason is that the IMF will not start the process of lending unless it has the information about the member country that has the need, so the lending process comes after the process of surveillance. When its member countries experience balance of payments (BOP) difficulties, either through capital account or current account crises, the IMF can make loans designed to help them stabilize their international payments situation and adopt policy changes sufficient to reverse their situation and overcome their problems. In some cases, the IMF makes short-term loans to help prevent countries economies from spiraling into financial crisis and to facilitate renewed inflows of private sector capital.  [7]   And even there are a lot of critics on the IMF that it is giving a lot of long term loans which should be the role of the World Bank or other big market lenders as the World Bank has the better experience, competence, the ability and the support from the member countries to perform long term loans. As Dr Rosa emphasised It also argues that the main role of the IMF should increasingly delegate the role of long-term lending for structural purposes to the World Bank.  [8]   And she continues It is the World Bank, however, that has the staff and the technical expertise to develop and cost sectoral strategies together with client countries. The IMF, therefore, should work closely with the World Bank to ensure that the macroeconomic frameworks of client countries reflect the financing needs of their poverty-reduction strategies. Achieving this result will entail much-improved coordination in-country between statistical agencies, line ministries, finance ministries, and central banks and, in Washington, between the IMF and the World Bank.  [9]   Then to add that how important the function of surveillance the IMF Executive board decided to update and enhance this function by approving its new frame work. On a Statement by IMF Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato on IMF Executive Board Decision to Approve New Framework for Surveillance I get this quote: The change we are making is the first major revision in the surveillance framework in some 30 years, and it is the first ever comprehensive policy statement on surveillance. The new decision reflects current best practice in our work of monitoring members exchange rate policies and domestic economic policies. It reaffirms that surveillance should be focused on our core mandate, namely promoting countries external stability. And it gives clear guidance to our members on how they should run their exchange rate policies, on what is acceptable to the international community, and what is not.  [10]   The IMF should use the tools it has of bilateral and multilateral surveillance all the way through to encourage financial stability by making analysis for the day to day work with the members and by making these info available for all financial actors in addition to policy makers and market participants.  [11]   For all of that I think that the most important function of the IMF is surveillance and what it needs is more support from the member countries and from the IMF in implanting its policies for the better function of the economical structures of the countries in the open global economic world of today.

American Literature and English Language Teaching Essay

M. A. Course in English shall comprise 4 semesters. Each semester shall have 4 courses. In all, there shall be 16 courses of 5 credits each. Each course shall carry 100 marks. Of these, 70 marks shall be reserved for theory (end-Semester examination) and 30 marks for tutorials/seminars (internal assessment). However, in course 5, titled â€Å"Linguistics and English Language Teaching†, only 50 marks shall be reserved for theory (end-Semester examination), 20 marks for Practical/Viva-voce exam and 30 marks for tutorial/seminars (internal assessment). Of these courses, Course Nos. 1 to 11, 13 and 14 shall be treated as Core Courses, Course nos. 12 and 15 as Elective Courses and Course No. 16 as Allied Elective Course open even to the students of other departments/faculties. The starred items are meant for detailed study. The theory component of each paper shall be of three hours’ duration. Pattern of Question Papers 1]The pattern of question paper in respect of course nos. 1,8,11,13,14,15,16 (Indian Literature in Translation, Women Writing and European Literature in Translation) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"12=24 Section B. (b) Six Short-Answer-Type Questions (200 words each) out of nine questions– 6Ãâ€"6=36 Section C (c) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 2]The pattern of question paper in respect of course nos. 2,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,16 (New Literatures in English) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"12 =24 Section B (b) Three passages for explanation out of 5 passages from the starred items to be answered in 200 words each – –3Ãâ€"6 = 18 Section C (c) Three Short-Answer-Type Questions out of 5 questions to be answered in 200 words each – – 3Ãâ€"6 = 18. Section D d) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 3]The pattern of question paper in respect of Course No. 5 (Linguistics and English Language Teaching) shall be as follows: Section A (a) Two Long-Answer-Type Questions (500 words each) with internal choice – 2Ãâ€"10=20 Section B (b) Four Short-Answer-Type Questions (200 words each) out of six questions – 4Ãâ€"5=20 Section C (c) Ten Objective-Type Questions to be answered in a word or sentence each – 10Ãâ€"1=10 SEMESTER I Course 1: Introduction to Linguistics – ENG – 101 1. (a)Key properties of Language b) Language varieties. 2. (a)Major concerns of Psycholinguistics and Sociolinguistics b) Historical approach, Descriptive approach 3. Major concepts in Linguistics: a) Syntagmatic and Paradigmetic axes b) Differential Calculous c) Constituent Structure d) Transformations and Deep Structure 4. Stylistics, its methods and limitations. Course 2: Poetry I (Chaucer to Blake) – ENG – 102 Chaucer:Prologue to Canterbury Tales (Modern version) *Shakespeare’s Sonnets No. 18, 30, 63, 130 *Milton:Paradise Lost, Book I *Donne:The Blossom, The Canonization, The Good Morrow Marvell:To His Coy Mistress *Pope:The Rape of the Lock. *Gray:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard *Blake:The Tiger, Ah! Sun-flower Course 3: Drama I (Marlowe to Wilde excluding Shakespeare) – ENG – 103 *Webster:The Duchess of Malfi *Marlowe:Dr. Faustus *Jonson:The Alchemist Congreve:The Way of the World *Wilde:The Importance of Being Earnest Origin and Growth of the British Theatre Course 4: Prose– ENG – 104 *Bacon:Of Truth; Of Death; Of Adversity; Of Great Place; Of Parents and Children Addison & Steele:Of the Club; The Coverley Household; Labour and Exercise; Sir Roger at the Theatre (Coverley Papers from the Spectator, ed. K. Deighton, Macmillan). *Lamb:Christ Hospital; New Year’s Eve; Imperfect Sympathies *Carlyle:Hero as Man of Letters Russell:Science and War; Science and Values (from The Impact of Science on Society) Huxley:Tragedy and the Whole Truth (from W. E. Williams, ed. A Book of English Essays) SEMESTER II Course 5: Linguistics and English Language Teaching– ENG – 201 1. Phonology:(a) Speech mechanism and the Organs of Speech (b) Consonants, Vowels, Diphthongs (c) Phoneme (d) Stress, Intonation 2. Morphology:Morphemes: Words and Affixes 3. Syntax:(a) I. C. Analysis and its limits (b) Transformations of Movement, Addition, Substitution, Deletion. (c) Coordination and Subordination 4. English Language Teaching:(a) Direct Method (b) Audiolingual Method (c) Communicative Language Teaching (d) Error Analysis (e) Teaching skills of Language: listening, speaking, reading, writing. (f) Testing Course 6: Poetry II (Wordsworth to Arnold) – ENG – 202 *Wordsworth:The Prelude, Book I *Coleridge:Kubla Khan *Shelley:Adonais *Keats:Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn *Tennyson:Ulysses, The Lotos Eaters *Browning:Rabbi Ben Ezra, Porphyria’s Lover *Arnold:The Scholar Gypsy Course 7: Drama II (Shakespeare) – ENG – 203 Henry IV, Part I. Twelfth Night *Hamlet *The Tempest Shakespeare Criticism: Dr. Johnson, Bradley, Wilson Knight, Caroline Spurgeon, Stephen Greenblatt. Course 8: Fiction I (Defoe to Hardy) – ENG – 204 Defoe:Moll Flanders Fielding:Joseph Andrews Austen:Emma Dickens:Great Expectations Eliot:Middlemarch Hardy:Tess of the D’urbervilles SEMESTER III Course 9: Poetry III (Hopkins to Ted Hughes) – ENG – 301 *Hopkins:Pied Beauty; The Windhover; Carrion Comfort *Yeats:Sailing to Byzantium; Byzantium; No Second Troy; Coole Park and Ballyle *Eliot:The Waste Land *Auden:In Memory of W. B. Yeats; The Shield of Achilles. *Larkin:Church Going; Next, please; At Grass *Ted Hughes:The Thought-Fox; Hawk Roosting Course 10: Drama III (Twentieth Century Drama) – ENG – 302 *Shaw:Man and Superman *Yeats:Countess Cathleen *Eliot:Murder in the Cathedral *Beckett:Waiting for Godot *Pinter:The Birthday Party Course 11: Literary Criticism & Theory 1– ENG – 303 Aristotle:On the Art of Poetry Bharatamuni:On Natya and Rasa: Aesthetics of Dramatic Experience Anandavardhana:Dhvani: Structure of Poetic Meaning Dryden:Essay on Dramatic Poesy Wordsworth:Preface to Lyrical Ballads Coleridge:Biographia Literaria (Chs. XIII, XVII & XVIII) Arnold:The Study of Poetry (Essays in Criticism Book II) Course 12: Indian Literature in English I – ENG – EL-3. 1 *Tagore:Thou hast made me endless; Leave this chanting and singing; I am like a remnant of a cloud; In one salutation to thee (Gitanjali) *Sri Aurobindo:Savitri Book I Canto I (Passages for explanation to be set from the first 64 lines) *Girish Karnad:Nag-Mandala The following poets from Ten Twentieth Century Indian Poets ed. R. Parthasarathy (OUP): *Nissim Ezekiel:Poet, Lover, Birdwatcher; Background, Casually; Enterprise *Jayant Mahapatra:Grass, Lost. *A. K. Ramanujan:A River; Love Poem for a Wife I; Obituary *Kamala Das:My Grandmother’s House; A Hot Noon in Malabar; The Invitation OR American Literature I– ENG – EL-3. 2 The following from American Literature of the Nineteenth Century (Eurasia) and American Literature 1890-1965 (Eurasia): Emerson:The American Scholar, Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul Poe:*The Raven, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition Whitman:*When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, Passage to India *Wallace Stevens:The Emperor of Ice-cream, Sunday Morning. *Emily Dickinson:I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed, I Felt a Funeral in My Brain, The Soul Selects Her Own Society, Because I Could not Stop for Death, These Are the Days When Birds Come *Tennessee Williams:A Streetcar Named Desire Edward Albee:Zoo Story SEMESTER IV Course 13: Fiction II– ENG–401 Conrad:Heart of Darkness Woolf:Mrs. Dalloway Joyce:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Lawrence:Women in Love Kingsley Amis:Lucky Jim Course 14: Literary Criticism & Theory II – ENG – 402 Eliot:Tradition and the Individual Talent; The Function of Criticism; Hamlet (Selected Essays) Richards:Principles of Literary Criticism (Chs.IV-XV, XXI, XXXIV, XXXV and Appendix A – On Value) Ransom:A Note on Ontology (Twentieth Century Criticism: The Major Statements, eds. Handy and Westbrook) The following critics from David Lodge, ed. Modern criticism and Theory : A Reader (London : Longman, 1988) The following critics from David Lodge, ed. Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader (London: Longman, 1988) Saussure:Nature of the Linguistic Sign Derrida:Structure, Sign and Play in the discourse of the human Sciences Said:Crisis (in Orientialism) Showalter:Feminist criticism in the Wilderness Eagleton:Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism. Course 15: Indian Literature in English II – ENG – EL-4. 1 Mulk Raj Anand:Untouchable R. K. Narayan:The Financial Expert Raja Rao:The Serpent and the Rope Anita Desai:Voices in the City Salman Rushdie:Midnight’s Children Amitav Ghosh:The Shadow Lines Jawahar Lal Nehru:An Autobiography OR American Literature II – ENG – EL-4. 2 Hawthorne:The Scarlet Letter Melville:Billy Budd Faulkner:Light in August Hemingway:A Farewell to Arms Ralph Ellison:Invisible Man Saul Bellow:Humboldt’s Gift Course 16: Indian Literature in Translation – ENG – EL-4. 3 The following poets from Oxford Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry eds. Vinay Dharwadker & A. K. Ramanujan: Sitanshu Yashashchandra:Drought V Indira Bhavani:Avatars Ali Sardar Jafri:Morsel Paresh Chandra Raut:Snake Tagore:Homecoming; My Lord, The Baby Shrilal Shukla:Rag Darbari Tendulkar:Ghasiram Kotwal Ananthamurthy:Samskara Translation, Theory and Practice OR New Literatures in English – ENG – EL-4. 4 The following poets from An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C D Narasimhaiah, Macmillan: *A. D. Hope:Australia; The Death of the Bird *Atwood:Journey to the Interior *A. K. Ramanujan:Death and the Good Citizen; Waterfalls in a Bank (The Collected Poems of A.K. Ramanujan, OUP) *Agha Shahid Ali:Showman; The Season of the Plains (Twelve Modern Indian Poets ed. A. K. Mehrotra, OUP) Chinua Achebe:Things Fall Apart V. S. Naipaul:A House for Mr. Biswas Wole Soyinka:The Road Patrick White:Voss Nadine Gordimer:The Burger’s Daughter OR Women Writing– ENG – EL-4. 5 The following poets from The Faber Book of 20th Century Women’s Poetry ed. Fleur Adcock: Margaret Atwood:Siren Song Adrienne Rich:Snapshots of a Daughter-in-Law U A Fanthorpe:Not My Best Side Sylvia Plath:Lady Lazurus Gwendolyn Brooks:A Sunset of the City Shashi Deshpande:That Long Silence  Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre Tony Morrison:Beloved Mary Wollstonecraft:A Vindication of the Rights of Women John Stuart Mill: The Subjection of Women Virginia Woolf:A Room of One’s Own OR European Literature in Translation – ENG – EL-4. 6 Sophocles:Oedipus the King Dostoevsky:Crime and Punishment Flaubert:Madam Bovary Kafka:â€Å"Metamorphosis† Alberto Moravia:The Woman of Rome Brecht:Mother Courage Baudelaire:Les Fleurs du mal (Flower of Evil) Rilke:The Sonnets to Orpheus No. X; The First Elegy (Duino Elegies); The Poet, Remembrance (from Collected Poems of Rainer Maria Rilke, Modern Library, New York). l

Leading on from the National Biotechnology Policy in Malaysia

vi. Malaysia Leading on from the National Biotechnology Policy and its nine thrusts, Malaysia’s Bioeconomy Transformation Programme (BTP) intensifies the nation’s transformation to a global high-income country. â€Å"The National Biotechnology Policy was launched in 2005; its nine thrusts include 1. Agricultural: Enhance the value creation of the agricultural sector, 2. Healthcare: Commercializing the discoveries of the agricultural sector, 3. Industrial: Increase opportunities for bioprocessing and bio-manufacturing, 4. Research and Development: Establish Centres of Biotechnology Excellence, through research and development, 5. Human Capital Development: Build the nation’s human capital through education, training and research†¦show more content†¦These 10 EPPS include The 10 EPPs include industrial bio-inputs, biochemicals, biomaterials, bio-based farm inputs, high value bio-ingredients, high value food varieties, biosimilars, drug discovery and pre-clinical services, molecular screening and diagnostics (MSD), as well as stem cells and regenerative medicine. Within these 10 EPPs, 20 private sector-driven Trigger Projects constitute the initial tranche of ventures launched. In addition to these significant economic impacts, the BTP is also geared to benefit society and the nation by improving individual incomes especially those of rural communities, through projects and programmes with high inclusiveness factors. This can be achieved through the implementation of Trigger Projects involving contract farming mechanisms. From this statement we can see that the multiplier and ripple effects of the bioeconomy can be seen. The BTP also advocates the promotion of a green economy, which in turn contributes to a long-term sustainable economy and environment. BioIndustrial Trigger Projects such as energy crop plantations, the production of renewable biomaterials and bio-based chemicals, and production of compressed biomethane gas are expected to contribute to Malaysia’s 2020 target of reducing its carbon footprint and emissions by 40%. The BTP also aims to improve the nation’s health and well-being. Biosimilars (as opposed to innovator biologic drugs) will drive down treatment costs byShow MoreRelatedAsia Pacific Essay2853 Words   |  12 Pages |2. Has state played a leading role in upgrading technologies in the | | |Asia Pacific? 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Kill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee - 1659 Words

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The Chinese Massacre of 1603 Free Essays

The massacre of 1603: Chinese perception of the Spaniards in the Philippines Jose Eugenio Borao National Taiwan University From a historiographic point of view, the incident of 1603 acquires special significance in the long and tragic history of Chinese massacres in the Philippines. For compared to all the rest, this has been the best chronicled, not only in Spanish, but also in Chinese sources. Moreover, both coincide in the presentation of facts and are alike in the ordering of events. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chinese Massacre of 1603 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When these sources—especially the Chinese—begin their account of the massacre, they refer to a remote, perhaps even unrelated, incident that is, nevertheless, significant. The tension started in 1593, when 250 Chinese were forcibly recruited to row the ships which Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, then Philippine governor general, sent to conquer the Moluccas Islands. Soon after they set sail, the Chinese in the flag ship staged a mutiny, assassinated Dasmarinas, and took over the vessel. Weeks later, the son of the murdered governor, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, then based in Cebu, sought vengeance to fall on the heads of the culprits. To do this, he asked for assistance from the Chinese authorities of Fujian, who welcomed the young Dasmarinas’ ambassadors and offered them their help as well. The second episode happened 10 years later, in the spring of 1603, when â€Å"three mandarins† arrived in Manila on a strange mission: to reconnoiter a â€Å"mountain of gold† abundant with trees that bore gold. This visit raised the suspicion of the Spaniards in the Philippines, already so accustomed to intermittent threats of conquest, particularly from the Japanese. They concluded that this was probably an advance party for a future invasion of Manila. At that time, the Chinese in this city were almost 10 times the number of Spaniards. The third event, the Sangley uprising, happened in autumn of that same year. The reasons for this uprising remain unclear. The motives range from the desire of the Chinese to dominate Manila, to their wanting to abort the Spaniards’ moves that seemed to lead to their elimination. After initial uncertainty as to who would eventually win out, the rebellion was quelled by the Spaniards who, together with Filipino and Japanese troops, massacred some 20,000 Chinese. Both our sources also point to a more or less common epilogue. After the Spaniards’ first attempts at reconciliation and China’s indignant reactions, both parties reached a new compromise and the agitation easily vanished as though nothing had happened. Former trade relations were resumed, allowing the Chinese to settle again in Manila, even if both sides harbored grudges against each other for what had happened earlier. What I now propose is to try to bring together reports on the massacre, both from the known Spanish sources and from the Chinese founts. The comparison may allow us to better understand the remote and proximate causes of the tragedy of 1603. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 1 The sources The Spanish manuscript sources which document the massacre are found in their entirety in the General Archive of the Indies and were published almost completely in the â€Å"Colin Pastells,† that is to say, the new edition of the work of Colin, done by Pastells in 19001. Some of them were reproduced immediately afterwards and translated to English, in Blair Robertson,2 and again soon after by Pastells in his joint work with Navas. These sources may be classified into two: those released during the event—which served as â€Å"news updates†Ã¢â‚¬â€or shortly after the incident, giving a global view of what had happened; and those that appear in the books that came out around that time, situating the incident within the general context of Philippine history, as Morga4 does in his book, or as part of the conquest of the Moluccas, as Argensola5 approached it in his. The letters and reports from the officers of the Royal Audiencia of Manila, and those of the superiors of the various religious orders belong to the first type. These documents intend to give personal viewpoints which, despite the fact that they contest each other, are not contradictory but rather complimentary. Of course, all deplore the massacre even if they deem it a justified, though exaggerated, measure. At the same time, they differ mainly in the analysis of the means that could have been taken to avoid it, or of the actions that indirectly provoked it. Argensola tries to consolidate all the information that reached the court during the years immediately after the massacre (he published his work six years after the event), and personal reports from the main players of the said event. Argensola may have had the Augustinian Diego de Guevara as his principal source, because this priest moved to Madrid to attend to some of his order’s concerns shortly after the incident. The work of Dr. Morga, eyewitness of the events, is briefer and simpler in tackling the topics and conclusions that were being formulated in Manila immediately after the uprising (Morga left Manila in 1606). The Chinese sources, on the other hand, are official and therefore anonymous. They are briefer than those of the Spaniards, and seem to be less defensive, even if they also seem to reflect partisan tendencies. They usually acknowledge provocation on the part of the Chinese expatriates, and yet refuse to be judged by foreigners. These documents sometimes cite specific words or actions of an officer from Fujian, although they Francisco Colin, S. J. Labor evangelica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la Compania de Jesus, fundacion y progresos de su provincia en las Islas Filipinas. N ueva edicion ilustrada con copia de notas y documentos para la critica †¦ por el P. Pablo Pastells, S. J. , Vol. II, Barcelona, Imprenta y Litografia de Henrich y Cia, 1900, pp. 18-441. 2 Blair Robertson, The Philippine Islands (vol. XII, pp. 83-97). 3 Pablo Pastells Francisco Navas, Catalogo de los documentos relativos a las Islas Filipinas (vol. 5, Barcelona, 1929, pp. LXXVI-CVIII). 4 Antonio Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Mexico, 1609. We used here the version annotated by Jose Rizal, offset reprinting by the National Commission for the Centenary of Jose Rizal, Manila, 1961. 5 Bartolome Leonardo Argensola. Conquista de las Islas Malucas, Imprenta del Hospicio Provincial, Zaragoza 1891. We have used the following references: Ming Shi (â€Å"The History of the Ming Dynasty â€Å"), Ed. Ding Wen, Taipei, 1975, Vol. 11 (pp. 8370-8375); Ming Shi Lu (â€Å"The True History of the Ming Dynasty†), prepared by the Academia Sinica, Ed. Zhongwen, Volumes 12 and 13, Taipei, 1961 (pp. 12090, 123030, 12371); Dong Xi Yang Kao (â€Å"Studies on the Eastern and Western Oceans†), Ed. Taiwan Shang Wu, Taipei, 1971 (pp. 57-60); Ming Ching Shi Wen Bien (â€Å"Anthology of the Official Documents of the Ming Dynasty†), Vol. 6, Ed. Zhunghua, Beijing, 1962 (pp. 4727-4728); Huang Ming Xiang Xu Lu; Guo Que (â€Å"National tolls†), Ed. Ding Wen, Taipei, 1978, Vol. 8 (p. 4917). I wish to thank Prof. Zhang Kai for his invaluable help in pointing out these sources, and my research assistant Lin Li-pin for his help in the translation of these materials. 1 Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 2 generally present themselves as part of an official investigation that was also transmitted officially. Also, since the events happened outside China, it is difficult for the imperial officers to verify them, which is why they put forward brief and detached explanations. Nevertheless, the massacre of 1603 happened during a period of stability in the Ming Dynasty; thus, their capacity to inquire into and annotate an event that happened outside their shores was much greater than, for example, the time when the massacres of 1639 or of 1662 took place. The former happened on the eve of the fall of the Ming Dynasty, while the latter was more associated with the Ming resistance—at that time, Koxinga7 was dying in his Taiwanese hideout—than with the Manchus, the new powers in China, who were still trying to establish themselves in the country. The incident of October 25, 1593 Let us now take a brief look at Argensola’s account in Chapter 6 of his book. 8 He states that Governor Gomez Perez de Dasmarinas prepared four galleys to attack the Moluccas but had difficulty finding soldiers to man them. When the flagship was the only one left to be filled, â€Å"he ordered that of the Chinese contract workers who were entering the Philippines, 250 were to be taken to man the flagship. The Royal Treasury was to pay each one two pesos a month†¦ and, in the best of cases, they were only to row in calm weather. The Governor forced the governor of the Chinese to get these 250 men who set sail against their will. Finally, on October 17, the naval crew left for Ternate. However, as soon as the flagship moved a short distance off, and the Chinese oarsmen were put to work—unaccustomed as they were to the task and spurred on by brutal and menacing foremen—the said workers decided to stage an uprising, preferring t o die in the attempt than to continue rowing for the Spaniards. The rebellion took place on the night of October 25, claiming the lives of the Governor himself and a great part of the 80member Spanish crew. The bad weather persisted, which was why the mutineers only went as far as the Ilocos region, where they were assaulted by the natives. They left behind the surviving Spaniards, among them, Juan de Cuellar, secretary of the Governor and the Franciscan Montilla, both of who managed to reach the coast. Afterwards, the Chinese decided to sail to China, but landed in Vietnam instead, where â€Å"the king of Tunquin seized their cargo†¦ and left the galley to sink in the coast. The Chinese were dispersed and they fled to the different provinces. †9 The Spanish survivors informed Manila of what happened. The rest of the navy based in Cebu under the command of the governor’s son, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, returned to Manila. There, he was appointed interim Governor of the islands. Then a strange thing happened in 1594. In retrospect, this incident seems to have served as a â€Å"rehearsal† for what was to happen next. That year, the Chinese presumed that the Spanish navy had left for the Moluccas Isles. As Argensola puts it, â€Å"There appeared in Manila a great number of ships from China, without the customary goods, but rather loaded with men and weapons. On board were seven mandarins, counted As regards this massacre and the problems of interpretation that arise from consulting and comparing Chinese and Spanish sources, see my recent paper â€Å"Consideraciones en torno a la imagen de Koxinga vertida por Victorio Ricci en Occidente. † Encuentros en Catay, n. 10, 1996. 8 There are discrepancies between Argensola and Morga, although these are more a question of details than of arguments. 9 Argensola, Conquista de las†¦, p. 210 7 Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 3 among the senior Viceroys or Governors of their provinces†¦ nd they went to visit Don Luis with great pomp and an escort of men†¦ saying that they were on the lookout for Chinese who were going about those lands without license. †10 Dasmarinas welcomed them and gave each one a gold chain. In the end, he concluded that they had come either to conquer or to sack Manila, but changed their minds when they saw the presence of the Spanish arma da. Argensola adds that since the Chinese who killed Dasmarinas’ father were from Quan Chou, he sent Fernando de Castro, a cousin of his, to that province to give an account of the mutiny. However, the trip was forestalled due to the bad weather. It is noteworthy that neither Argensola nor Morga says that the Dasmarinas took advantage of the situation to take up the matter with the mandarins (although it seems that he did, as deduced from the Chinese sources that we shall now see). For example, the Dong Xi Yang Gao is more exhaustive in this respect. It states that Luis Dasmarinas (called Maulin here), immediately after replacing his father, sent some priests to inform the Chinese authorities in Macao about the uprising. These priests bore a letter, the translation of which is conserved in the Chinese sources. It also adds that the magistrates of Fujian continued to send merchant vessels to bring back the Chinese who had been living in Luzon for too long. According to Argensola, this detail coincides with what the mandarins explained to Dasmarinas. The Chinese chronicle continues: â€Å"The governor of Luzon provided these ships with food and also gave them a letter (addressed to the Chinese government). He verbally aired his complaints about the way the Chinese treated the murdered governor, his father. And he gave them an edict, sealed in a gold box which, together with the abovementioned letter, was wrapped in red silk and sent to China on a merchant vessel. †11 The â€Å"three mandarins† arrive in Manila (May 1603) We have said that the abovementioned incident does not seem to have anything to do with the one that took place nine years later. However, the parallelism is great, as we shall now see. The events arising from the arrival of another group of mandarins are well documented in the Spanish sources. There are three types of information that are all complimentary. Those from the royal officials, that is, those from the Governor, Don Pedro de Acuna, as well as the listeners of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, who show themselves to be hostile to and suspicious of the governor. The sources of the ecclesiastics, and in the third place, the information that the Chinese themselves give, and which they offer in consideration of the Spanish authorities. In particular, a letter written four days before in the sea by Chanchian, the head of the Chinese expedition, and which is submitted to the governor who sends it immediately for translation. Likewise, two more documents corresponding to some â€Å"petitions of Chinese to the Chinese emperor†, which ended up in the hands of Archbishop Benavides who translated them. He sent the king his own letter where—â€Å"enriched† after his own 10 11 Idem, p. 212. The Dong Xi Yang Kao contains the Chinese translation of Dasmarinas’ letter which he gave to the mandarins. Here, the same facts are given, except that the apparent motive of the uprising was more of greed (the ship was loaded with much gold and silver) than of the cruelty received in the hands of the foremen of the ship, as Argensola would have put it. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 4 inquiries—he makes a very complete analysis of the situation12. Though actually we do not know if Benavides made them Public or not, and therefore if they have to be considered as part of the information that the Spaniards had then. Gathering together all the reports (Argensola’s and those of the two judges of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, both hostile toward the governor, Pedro de Acuna), this series of events might have had taken place as follows: Friday, May 23. Three mandarins landed in Manila, displaying their insignias as judges. With great pomp and an entourage of 50, they sought an audience with the Governor and gave him a letter written four days earlier in the high seas. In the said letter, signed by Chanchian, military chief of Fujian, the mandarins expounded the reason for this trip. They wished to verify the existence of a fabulous mountain in Cavite, believed to yield 100,000 taeles of gold and 300,000 taeles of silver a year. They claimed that everyone could go and dig there and that the Chinese have already taken a great quantity of these metals back to China. Chanchian also indicated that he had with him a fellow named Tio Heng, the man who reported to the emperor of the existence of the said mountain, as well as a eunuch called Cochay, who received specific orders from the emperor to investigate the matter. Another mandarin was present, besides Cochay and the immediate chief of Chanchian. 13 He added that he did not believe in the existence of such a mountain, and presumed it to be a lie. Nevertheless, the Governor had nothing to fear, since it was his duty to look into the matter. Afterwards, the Governor had them housed in special lodgings inside the city. The fact that they flaunted their insignias as judges and that the Governor allowed them to do so, incurred the ire of the members of the Audiencia. From May 24 to May 26 (Saturday to Monday), the mandarins begin to mete justice on their countrymen. Meanwhile, Salazar, the fiscal of the Audiencia, carries out his own investigation. Within this period, the governor allows the mandarins to bring their entourage to Tondo, where the Christian sangleys live. May 27 (Tuesday). Salazar presents a report in a public session of the Audiencia. The report is approved and the governor requested to stop the operations of the mandarins so that the investigations may continue. The friction between the Audiencia 12 It does not remain clear how Benavides obtained the two documents, and if he made them known to the governor or not. The first (document) is similar in structure to the letter which the governor received from the mandarins, the translation of which he sent to the King, but much more extensive and detailed. Therefore the said document perhaps may be a different version from the letter, made by memory (since he possibly helped in the verbal translation of that thing) and completed a posteriori with his own investigations, since at the end of that letter he said: â€Å"I am a man who knows the language of these Chinese and I know a lot about their things and customs of China by having lived with them for many months and I made it also because I take up this business with suspicion and care as these can be advisors who advise badly on it because of not understanding it† (Colin Pastells, II, p. 415). The second document, different from the letter, is a remonstrance of the emperor by one of his officials. The mandarins presented it to the governor with the intention of giving more credibility to his own letter. Given that the Spaniards did not seem to take it into account, we will not deal with it now, but we will go back to it at the end of our study for its clarificatory value. 13 Note that the spelling of the names correspond to the free style of transcribing that the Spanish translator had of the Fujianese pronunciation of the names ( the translation of the document that appears on Blair Robertson, vol. XII, pp. 83-97, points out in the heading which was made by a Dominican). As will be seen later , the correspondence in mandarin is as follows: Chunchian seems to correspond to Gan Yi-chen, Tio Heng to Zhang Yi and Cochay to Gao Tsai. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 5 and the Governor worsens. Moreover, the judges of the Audiencia complain of being relegated to the sidelines. In the following days, the Audiencia desisted its moves because the Governor finally published an edict prohibiting the mandarins from administering their justice and from flaunting their insignias. On the eve of their departure, they go to Cavite to see the said mountain. With them are Second Lieutenant Cervantes, as well as by the governor of the sangleys, Juan Bautista de Vera,14 who seems to have been around all the while. There, Tio Heng, unable to satisfactorily clear himself of the deception, had the Spaniards bearing down on him with threats of death. However, the mandarins intercede for his pardon. The Spaniards grow even more suspicious. On the day of their departure, the Governor receives the mandarins and honors them with some gifts. As he sends them off, they apologize for the mix-up they have caused and thus sailed back to China. We can better know the identities of these mandarins and further clarify the case by examining complimentary data from the Chinese sources. In this attempt to consolidate diverse information, we can conclude that the speaker of the group was the mandarin Gan Yi-chen (Chanchian in the letter), a centurion and was probably the military chief of Fujian. The second mandarin (not mentioned in the letter) was Wang Shi-ho, the magistrate of the Hai Cheng district, where many of the Chinese immigrants came from. The third mandarin must have been the eunuch Gao Tsai (who appears in the letter as Cochai). Accompanying these three dignitaries were Zhang Yi (Tio Heng) and Yang Ying-long, who were the ones who informed the emperor in Beijing of the said mountain of gold. Yang Ying-long was another centurion whom the Chinese sources accuse of collaborating with Zhang Yi (who probably used the former’s clout to get an audience with the emperor and consequently win his favor). The emperor actually allowed the said expedition despite opposition from various people in his court who not only thought it a ridiculous project, but which could also be a source of trouble. According to these sources, one might think that the two magistrates Gan Yichen and Wang Shi-ho were also of the same opinion. In fact, the latter was so vexed that he died soon after they arrived in Fujian. The other magistrates reported Zhang Yi’s behavior to the emperor, demanding that he be punished for trying to deceive the imperial government and for bringing about its humiliation in a foreign land. The role of Gao Tsai, on the other hand, is more difficult to interpret. Some sources picture him as the superintendent of the said Beijing expedition, while others show him as Fujian’s quartermaster general for taxes, who makes a living off the Chinese maritime trade. The Ming Shi Lu gives its version of the conduct of these three: â€Å"The diabolical Fujianese Zhang Yi, came up with an evil plan to propose the excavation of a gold mine in Luzon. But his real intention was to conspire with the eunuchs and provoke the barbarians. Yang Ying-long was his partner†¦Zhang Yi was beheaded and [his head] shown to the coastal provinces as a warning to people of his kind. † 15 Lastly, it is worth pointing out that the Chinese sources coincide with those Spanish ones in indicating that this entire trip had been the proximate cause of the Spanish suspicions and the subsequent massacre which took place four months afterwards. 14 A Chinese who arrived in Manila during the times of the pirate Limahon, whom he had served. At that time, he was appointed governor of the sangleys and was â€Å"respected by the Spaniards and loved by the sangleys† (Argensola, p. 30. He was also known as â€Å"Eng Kang† (Rizal), â€Å"Encan† (Argensola) and â€Å"Encang† (Tellez de Almazan). 15 MSL, Chapter 404 (Vol. XII. P. 12090). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 6 But, the question is if the dispatch had been an advance party or not, and if it came to study the possibility of invasion of Mani la—whether it was piratical or in an organized form. At the moment, the Spaniards could not know it, although an excess of suspicions could turn itself into an untenable situation that might end up out of control. It was precisely what happened. The massacre of 1603 a) The preparation On December 18, 1603, once the incident that we are about to see had ended, Governor Pedro de Acuna wrote the king an account wherein he explained in retrospect his behavior during the whole event. He begins by saying that the arrival of the mandarins had made him suspect a possible invasion from China. This was why his eventual moves, preventive and defensive in nature, were limited to the following: 1. – To create space, he ordered the demolition of the houses in the Parian that was adjacent to the walls of the city. This, at the same time, corrected some of the wall’s defects. 2. – He asked the mayors of the district and the magistrates of the Parian to submit to him a list of immigrants under their jurisdiction and of the weapons in their possession. They were also asked to indicate whether these people were to be trusted or not. The order was fulfilled. 3. – He carried out regular inspections of the artisans (blacksmiths, etc. ) in particular, and commissioned the manufacture of bows, arrows, pikes, etc. for the royal storehouse. At the same time, he ordered that all these weapons be collected and transported. 4. – Just in case, he had provisions stored. 5. – He hired sangleys to build a canal with the end of creating a moat for the city, if ever the need arises. Acuna also points out a distinction that is also mentioned in other Spanish sources: that between the Chinese merchants, who have settled for years in the Parian, and the recent arrivals who were vagabonds and troublemakers who had nothing to lose and who could not return to China due to the crimes they had committed. 6 Acuna hangs the blame of the succeeding events on these Chinese, since they were the ones who paved the way for everything, â€Å"in order to bring the merchants and the peaceful people to their side, convincing them that the measures that were being taken were meant to kill the Chinese. † 17 The Chinese sources, on the other hand, also echo some of Acuna’s positions, but presenting these under an offensive point of view, coloring the thing differently and relating these to what directly affected them. For example, the Huang Ming Xiang Hsu Lu shows that the Spaniards repared for the massacre way ahead of time, since â€Å"they began to buy from the Chinese all the metal objects that they had. The Chinese, on the other hand, sold all the iron they found because they saw that they could profit from it. † (point 3 from Acuna). 18 This same idea is found in the Ming Shi, which also adds that â€Å"the Chinese were obliged to register their names and to be divided into groups of 300†19 (point 2 from Acuna). 16 To better differentiate the Chinese groups, see Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 18501898 (Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 6-11. 17 Blair Robertson, vol. XII, p. 154 18 HMXHL, Chapter 5, Luzon. 9 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8372) Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 7 b) The beginning: Sangley uprising or Chinese pogrom? Another interesting issue to co nsider is that of who started it first. The Spanish sources (Morga, Argensola, Acuna, etc. ) emphatically state: the Chinese staged an uprising. Benavides, the bishop of Manila, noted in a letter to the king that â€Å"the multitude of Chinese was so great, among them, base and vicious men who spread the rumor (which is absolutely false, but not for them) that the Spaniards were going to kill every one of them, which was why they provoked a rebellion on the night of the eve of St. Francis. They armed themselves and on that day killed several Spaniards who pursued them, among them, Luis Perez de Dasmarinas. †20 On December 18, when everything was over, Governor Pedro de Acuna told the king that â€Å"according to the investigations†¦ and what some of those involved had declared, it goes without saying that the uprising was instigated from China, and the stage set by all, if not some, of the mandarins who had been here. † 21 According to the Spanish sources (since the Chinese are silent about it), the Chinese had also been girding themselves for it. The Chinese Juan Bautista de Vera had been constructing a more or less fortified zone half-a-league from Tondo (which Argensola calls a â€Å"sugar refinery†), where some provisions and arms were stored. c) The unfolding of events The actual struggle is already well known because it is what was most interesting to relate to the Spaniards. To summarize, we basically follow Morga’s account: The evening of October 3 (Friday). The uprising was scheduled to take place on the last day of November, but realizing that they were going to be discovered, the sangleys move it to the third of October. On this day, at 11 pm, about 2000 men (or â€Å"according to the sangley who was under torture, 40 captains to 150 men†), begin to gather in the â€Å"fort† of Tondo. That night, Juan Bautista de Vera visits the governor to inform him of what was happening. Thinking that de Vera was in cahoots with them, the governor throws him into prison. The Chinese, noting de Vera’s absence, appoint another Christian sangley, Juan Untae, de Vera’s godson, to replace him. 22 That same night, Luis Dasmarinas secures himself in the monastery of Binondo with a small group of soldiers. The Chinese fly into action, burning some houses and then returning to their â€Å"fort. † The morning of October 4 (Saturday). The sangleys of the Parian (that is, the peaceful old-timers identified with the Spaniards, some of whom are Christian) are asked to enter the city, but they refuse to do so due to doubts as to who would be the victor in this conflict. They decide to remain in the Parian. Dasmarinas leaves Binondo for Tondo to fortify himself in the church with 140 harquebusiers. A thousand and five hundred Chinese rebels show up. There is a fight to take over the church. Five hundred Chinese die, while the rest retreat to the â€Å"fort†. Dasmarinas pursues them and dies in the attempt. The Spaniards are thrown into confusion. October 5 (Sunday). Realizing that de Vera was not going to come, the rebels kill Untae and coerce the Parian residents into joining forces with them. As they make for Manila, they ravage everything that comes their way. The city puts up a tough resistance and many men die. In the evening, they retreat to the Parian and to Dilao. The 20 21 Blair Robertson. Vol. XII, p. 143. Idem, vol. XII, p. 155. 2 Sangley general Hontay (Argensola), or Juan Ontal (Tellez de Almazan). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 8 Spaniards likewise press the Parian residents to side with them. Overcome by this psychological stress, some Chinese—among them, a relative of de Vera—hang themselves. Both sides brace themselves for a second attack. October 6 (Monday). Another assault and renewed resistance. A Spaniard, with th e help of a Japanese corps, launches an unsuccessful offensive. An armada of Pintados suddenly makes its way through the river and blasts the Chinese lines with canons. They divide themselves into three and penetrate the inland. One group makes for the Tingues of Pasig, another for Ayonbon [Bayombong] and the third, the most numerous, for Laguna de Bay, the mountains of San Pablo and the province of Batangas. October 8 (Wednesday) and the succeeding days: The Chinese abandon the city. The Spaniards are hot in their pursuit. It seems that the first two groups are easily annihilated, since nothing more is said of them. The third group, starving and unarmed, leave a path of devastation. Luis de Velasco with 70 of his men is at their heels, killing many each day. Finally, Velasco perishes at the hands of the Chinese who set up fort in San Pablo. Argensola adds that the native Filipinos, instead of siding with the Chinese, lent a hand in the massacre. October 20. A new detachment of Spaniards, Japanese and 1500 natives of Pampanga and the Tagalog provinces is formed in Manila. They soon finish off all the Chinese who secured themselves in San Pablo and Batangas. The rebellion is quelled. October 22 (Argensola’s date). Juan de Vera faces trial. In the succeeding days, other Chinese meet the same fate. Only 300 are pardoned, but the rest are sent to the galleys. The Chinese sources are less detailed in describing the operations, perhaps due to the handful of sangleys who survived. It is thus more difficult to establish a clear parallelism between the two accounts, since they cite actions that are not mentioned in the Spanish sources. Consequently, there is much discrepancy. The Ming Shi relates that when the Chinese discovered the Spaniards’ plot to massacre them, they â€Å"retreated to Tsai Yuen (which may be translated as â€Å"the plantation† and which may refer to Juan Bautista de Vera’s strategic â€Å"fort† and to Argensola’s â€Å"sugar refinery†). 3 Then, the Spanish â€Å"chief† sent soldiers to go after them (this may well refer to Luis Dasmarinas’ move or to the arrival of the army of Pintados). The Chinese were unarmed. Many were killed and the survivors fled to the Talun Mountain. 24 The Spaniards attacked the mountain once more, while the Chinese put up a desperate defen se. The Spaniards suffered momentary defeat, which their â€Å"chief† (probably the captain of the expedition or the Governor himself) regretted, moving him to negotiate a truce. The Chinese, thinking that this was some trick, killed the messengers, thus driving the Spanish â€Å"chief† to exasperation. He abandoned their mountain camp and retreated to the neighboring town, simultaneously setting up ambush parties in the surrounding areas. The Chinese rebels were starving and so decided to go down the mountain and plunder the town,25 only to be ambushed by the Spanish troops. Twenty five thousand Chinese perished in the mas23 CHEN, Mattew. O. P. â€Å"The Ming Records of Luzon,† in The Chinese in the Philippines, Historical Conservation Society, Manila, 1966, p. 250. According to the translator’s note, this place is the presentday San Miguel district, although we do not see any further proof to this. 24 Ibid. Matthew Chen, in another note, indicates that this place was close to what is now known as the city of Makati. The rest of the account probably recounts the travails of the first or second group of the three groups of Chinese who fled, since we know nothing more of their fate from the Spanish references. The data does not seem to refer to the third group that went to San Pablo de los Montes and Batangas. Moreover, this reference is unusual, since there are no mountains close to the Makati area. 25 Matthew Chen seems to assume that this town was none other than Manila. But neither is this clear. Itinerario, vol. 3, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 9 sacre26. The Dong Xi Yang Kao offers a different denouement to this final massacre, coloring it with superstitious, even apocalyptic visions. It says that when the Chinese descended the Talun Mountain to attack the town, 10,000 of them were killed in an ambush, while others fled to the valleys and died there of starvation. Then it adds: â€Å"Ther e was a strong downpour while they were on the Talun Mountain, and as they stood beneath the rain, they saw something shine out in the midnight sky. There was an earthquake. The Chinese panicked and began to kill each other by mistake. The Spaniards, taking advantage of the situation, were able to kill many of them. That same month, a flood in Chang Chou took the lives of over 10,000 families. †27 The aftermath After the massacre, the Spaniards carried out three steps. First, the attempt to clarify if the uprising had been in connivance with China or not, and in connection with the coming of the three mandarins. Various testimonies given by the Governor seem to indicate this, but their validity is doubtful since they were obtained through torture. The royal officials insist on the same idea, e. g. , Argensola. Nevertheless, it is something which is never presented as sufficiently proved and that he insists that with the principal aim of justifying the killing. In this way, Juan Bautista de Vera would have been more of a scapegoat than the one responsible for a conspiracy (Rizal’s thesis). Secondly, the Spaniards made an inventory of the goods of the massacred rebels, which they placed at the disposition of their families. This was made known through a mission to Fujian; second, an attempt to resume the necessary trade relations. As regards the latter, Argensola (who seems to have occasionally copied Morga in this point), explains that Capt. Marco de la Cueva was sent to Macao with the Dominican Luis Gandullo to inform the Portuguese of what had happened and so that they might be forewarned of â€Å"rumors of war† from China. At the same time, they brought letters for the â€Å"tutones, aytaos and visitadores† of the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, explaining the conduct of the Chinese and the Spaniards’ response. What happened was not only known in Macao; news of Spaniards in Macao and the reason for their presence there soon reached Quan Chou, which was why â€Å"the wealthy Captains Guansan, Sinu and Guanchan, who regularly traded in Manila,† went to see them. They gave their own conjectures about what really happened, brought letters to the mandarins, and encouraged the merchants and ships of Quan Chou to go to Manila. Cueva’s mission was a success, for soon after his return—in May of 1604—13 ships from China arrived, filling up two ships bound that same year for New Spain with their cargo. Thus end the Spanish accounts. The Chinese sources, besides being very detailed (in this case, they were interested in formulating a more complete evaluation of the event), also coincide with the Spanish references. For example, the inventory of goods is mentioned in the Dong Xi Yang Kao: â€Å"The Spanish governor had all the possessions of the Chinese immigrants stored in big warehouses, marked with the names of their owners. Then he wrote the magistrate of Fujian, urging the relatives of the deceased to go to Manila to collect their belongings. But there was a Chinese 26 27 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8373). DXYK, Chapter 5: Luzon (p. 59) Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 10 called Huang, a good friend of the governor, who, pretending to be a relative of one of the massacred, fraudulently went off with some goods. 28 However, what is even more interesting is the final evaluation made by the emperor and officials of Fujian who were then deciding on whether or not they should resume trade relations with the Spaniards. We came across two versions of the official act, the first of which is found in the Ming Shi: â€Å"The Magistrate Xu Xue-ju29 sent a report to the court. The emperor was sha ken and began to mourn for the dead. On the 12th month of the year 32 (1604), he called on his official magistrates to investigate the case. These officials presented their conclusions in the court. The emperor said: â€Å"Zhang Yi, etc. ave deceived the imperial court and brought about conflict in a foreign land. Twenty thousand people and commoners have been massacred. They have disgraced our Empire. Their execution is not deemed an excess. They must be beheaded and their heads shown to all seas. But the governor of Luzon murdered people without license. We shall leave the officials to decide his punishment and they shall inform us of this. Hsu Hsue-ju wrote the authorities of Luzon, accusing the governor of massacre and demanding that the widows and children of the victims be sent back to China. For the moment, China did not launch a punitive attack on Luzon. Afterwards, the Chinese began to return to Luzon in trickles, and the Spaniards, seeing the profitability of commerce with China, did not prevent the Chinese from reestablishing themselves there. The Chinese population began to grow once more. †30 The second more extensive report is found in the Ming Jing Shi Wen Pien, which contains the report made by the said Administrative Commissioner of Fujian, Xu Xue-ju, who explains his move, and the memorandum he sent to the emperor, particularly the so-called â€Å"Report to Emperor Wan-li regarding the recall of Chinese merchants in Luzon,† of the Ming Jing Shi Wen Pien31. Here, Xu Xue-ju begins to speak for himself, situating the problem, and declaring afterwards that he sent an edict-letter to Luzon after having reviewed the problem from its early stages. He acknowledges that Zhang Yi’s deception caused the massacre, and takes the blame for it. However, he considers the Spanish intervention, as unacceptable, unlicensed by the Emperor (up to here, the anterior document is repeated almost verbatim). Consequently, the magistrate of Fujian clamors for vengeance, citing that what is most unjust in the Spanish maneuver is their non-recognition of the fact that the development of Luzon was greatly due to the hard work of the Chinese living there. There was no response from the Emperor, and so he was sent another communication bearing the same message. The emperor ultimately rejected the move, basing his decision on these five points: 1. – Due to their long tradition in trade and commerce, the people of Luzon were practically their subjects. 2. – The antagonism, as well as the confrontation, took place outside of China. . – The merchants are humble folk and, therefore, not worth waging battle for. 4. – These merchants, upon going to Luzon, abandoned their families without considering their filial ties. 5. – An expedition to Luzon will only drain their armed forces. The theme was certainly discussed 28 29 DXYK, Chapter 5: Luzon (p. 60) The figure of X u Xue-ju is both well known and respected (Dictionary of the Ming Biography, Vol. I, pp. 582-585). In 1591, he was appointed Assistant Commissioner for Surveillance in Hukuang and was soon after named Administrative Commissioner in Fujian, a post which he held until 1607. Consequently, he was able to gather first-hand information on all the happenings, from their very beginnings. 30 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8373). 31 MJSWB, Chapter 433 (p. 4728). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 11 in the court, creating a great tension, and its reverberations were prolonged for a long time, even until 1605, when Mateo Ricci made some comments about it. 32 Thus, Xu Xue Ju was left with no other recourse than to end this letter with a warning to the Spaniards: they should be grateful to the emperor, they must change their attitude, and they should restore the properties of those who perished in the massacre. Only with this shall trade be resumed. On the other hand, if they do not comply with these demands, then they would send thousands of warships with the families of the deceased aboard, along with mercenaries from the vassal states to conquer and divide Luzon among themselves. 33 Thus ends the letter sent to the Philippines. Conclusions To better understand the general process of the massacre, particularly, that of â€Å"the three mandarins,† in Manila, the proximate cause of the massacre, we must make four contexts. Besides, they were perfectly alluded by Benavides in that letter he sent the King dated 5 July 1603, which was accompanied by those two singular documents already cited in the beginning of this paper. ) In the first place, it is proper to point out that the time in which these events took place was marked by a rampant increase of piracy in Chinese waters, as well as by the express prohibition that Chinese subjects engage in maritime commerce at a time when it was g aining popularity in the international arena. Consequently, it was common practice for Chinese patrons to seek alternative and profitable solutions. Under such circumstances, Manila was considered an important center for the export of silver in Southeast Asia (thanks to the coming of ships from New Spain), just when the demand for this metal was on the rise in China. Because of this, it is not surprising that Manila’s neighbors take interest in this fragile colony, or that new risks arise: principally, the unexpected invasion of Japanese pirates and, from 1600 onwards, the appearance of Dutch pirates. (Olivier de Noort). Taken within this context, Manila was regularly flooded with Chinese with eyes set on establishing themselves there. Now, even if this meant a contribution to the city’s progress via their artisan skills, they increasingly posed themselves as a threat to the Spanish populace, who made up only 10% of the total number of Chinese in the city. The Chinese menace was certainly confirmed in 1593, when 250 hired Chinese contract workers assassinated the governor of the Philippines; and also, presumably, in 1594 when seven mandarins appeared with great pomp and veiled motives at the helm of a fully-equipped armada; and was indeed alarming when more mandarins reappeared in 1603 to mete justice on their compatriots. Authors like Argensola do not doubt their intentions. In their accounts, they throw in descriptions of how eight Chinese trade junks arrived in Manila while the mandarins were there, assuring the Spaniards of the real purpose of the Chinese conquest. Besides, he adds, while the mandarins pressured Zhang Yi to explain the existence of the mountain of gold, he would whisper— according to the interpreters or naguatatos (Argensola said)—that what he had wanted to say was that Luzon had so much gold that it was worth conquering. 32 In the beginning of 1605, Ricci pointed out in a letter: â€Å"It was spoken much in the cort, and we feared that some harm could come from all these [due to the possibility that it might be associated with the Spaniards. ]† See Jonathan Spence, The Memory Palace of Mateo Ricci, Penguin Books, 1985, p. 216. 33 This same letter was sent to the Spaniards who translated it. Argensola published it shortly afterwards. It is interesting to note that the two versions closely coincide with each other, but of the five points indicated by the emperor, Argensola’s translation only gathered numbers 1, 2 and 4. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 12 The figure of Zhang Yi (a carpenter, according to Benavides) probably brings together the images of fortune hunter, pervert (as the Chinese sources put it) and dreamer who see in Manila’s regular influx of traders from Quan Chou and Chang Chou, the possibility of Chinese expansion and personal gain. Here is a man capable of conjuring his own utopia—a place where mountains produce gold. He not only ends up believing the tale, but also manages to persuade the emperor himself to authorize an exploration. 4 Although the Chinese magistrates accused him of â€Å"going out with all this to look for people to steal and to rob and to be a corsair† (Chinese documents of Benavides). The conflict that was bound to take place with the Spaniards—men also accustomed to pursuing an El Dorado—had no other alternative but to erupt. In the second place, we should consider another fact that made possible the increasing ac ceptance of Chinese in Manila. The Spaniards, in particular, the Provincials of the religious orders, admitted that they have gone too far disobeying the royal ordinances that prohibited the growth of the Chinese population beyond 6000. This norm was obliterated by the profits gained from the granting of each new license. The Bishop of Nueva Segovia, Fr. Diego de Soria, thus commented: â€Å"†¦ it was a generally said that the number of Chinese in the uprising reached 23-24,000, even if the judges declare that they hardly came up to 8000, a figure which these same judges further reduced, because they are primarily responsible for the uprising through the liberal granting of licenses to Chinese who wish to remain in Manila. These licenses were sold at five tostones each. There was a judge who was able to collect a total of 60,000 tostones, or the equivalent 30,000 pesos, out of the said licenses. †35 In the third place, and now setting our sights back to China, it is worth considering Wan Li’s style of government—concretely, his politics of assigning eunuchs as revenue agents and quarter master generals of the mines. 36 The system saw its beginnings in 1596; by 1599, it was already widely practiced. This procedure was meant to correct deficient tax legislation which, in turn, brought about a lax and corrupt administration. Entrusting this function to eunuchs imposed a certain kind of general auditing system. But as the eunuchs carried out their jobs, they also interfered with the regular government functions. Besides, the posts were usually occupied by fortune hunters and scalawags, owing to the absence of a precedent and a clear-cut process of organizing a regular staff. Sometimes, tax collection at the mines would be reduced to a form of extortion that would then be sabotaged by rival officers; and more often than not, this reated social problems. 37 34 A brief observation: A Frenchman, Rene Jouglet, passing by the Philippines in 1931, hearing about the treasures of the pirate Limahon, published in Paris, in 1936, an imaginative book called La ville perdue, where he mentions that the treasures of the pirate —which may have been hidden in Cavite or Pangasinan thirty years before the massacre— had been the cause of various Chinese expeditions, the last of which was in 1603. See Cesar Callanta, The Limahon Invasion, New Day Publishers, Quezon City, 1989, p. 69. 35 For this, see the letter of Fray Bernardo de Santa Catalina, Provincial of the Dominicans and Commissioner of the Holy Office (Blair Robertson), as well as the adjoining note of the translator who comments on the Royal Decree of June 13 (Barcelona), which restricted the presence of Chinese nationals in Manila. 36 See RAY HUANG, â€Å"Lung-ch’ing and Wan-li reign, 1567-1620† in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. , Part I, pp. 530-532. 37 We may sight the following examples. In 1599: inspector Ma Tang so provoked the merchants of Linqing (Changdong) that they burned down his house and left him half-dead; Cheng Feng, assigned as tax and mines inspector of Huguang, caused a mutiny among the inhabitants of Wuchuang; textile mill work- Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 13 Taking into account these circumstances, it is easy to come up with a final, fitting interpretation of the figure of the eunuch Gao Tsai. For one, among the many diverse possibilities one could think of, he might have been the one who defended the ambitious projects of fortune hunters like Zhang Yi or the corrupt behavior of officials like Yang Ying-long, against the courtiers of Beijing and the magistrates of Fujian, like Gan Yi-chen, Wang Shi-ho and, most specially, Xu Xue-ju. Benavides saw it clearly since the first moment: â€Å"Because the Emperor has â€Å"men of gold and women of silver made† and invited them to drink, so he sent a eunuch to each of their kingdoms; and these eunuchs, to get gold and silver for the Emperor, impose a lot of taxes on he vassals, and the empire of Chine felt so oppressed with all this that publicly the Chines here [the Philippines] tell us that within two years more or less there 38 will be communities and uprisings in China. † The figure of Gao Tzai appears again in the following year (1604), when the Dutch were in the Pescadores islands trying to establish trade with China. He sent a mission to the Dutch in the aforementioned islands, trying to solicit gifts of high value for himself and for the Emperor. Dong Xi Yang Kao and Ming Shi notified the governor, Xu Sue-ju, and the officials of Fujian province to oppose the actuation of the eunuch by sending the touzy (Admiral), Shen You-rong, with a battleship to the coast of the province in order to stop the plans of the eunuch, Gao Tzai. 39 It is evident that the recent happenings in Manila had been the last vindication which Xu Xue-ju encountered in order to oppose the politics of the eunuch—this time with force, as shown in the presence of Shen You-rong. 40 ers of Suzhou staged a demonstration against revenue agent Sun Long. In 1603: Wang Zhao, coal mines inspector of Xishan (Beijing), encountered opposition from among the miners who held a demonstration in Beijing. In 1606: Yang Rong found the revenue office burnt down by the miners of Yunnan. See also Bai Shouyi and others. In A Brief History of China, Vol. I, with editions in other languages, Beijing, 1984, pp. 348-349. 38 Colin Pastells, Op. cit. , vol. II, p. 415. In fact, it is not strange the clarity of the observations of the Dominican Benavides about the eunuchs, since he knew in detail the recent experience of another Dominican, Diego de Aduarte, which preceded the ones cited in the previous note. In effect, Aduarte left Manila for Macao on September 6, 1598, with the aim of paying the ransom for the â€Å"Gentleman Don Luis† in Canton. He arrived there 20 days after, and coincided with the eunuch, Liculifu (sic), who — upon knowing the presence of the foreigner— tortured him and extorted from him most of the money he carried. In the end, Aduarte had no other remedy but to borrow the money. The entire story is related by Aduarte himself in his autobiographical work entitled, Historia de la Provincia del Santo Rosario de la Orden de Predicadores de Filipinas, Japon y China, Zaragoza, 1693, pp. 14-219. At the same time, Mateo Ricci himself recounts how one of the catholic servants who acted as a mail carrier, also in 159899, was robbed, murdered and thrown into a river because he denied paying commissions, everything was probably made in connection with the legal pressure—according to Spence—which were provoked by the eunuchs. See Jonathan Spen ce, Op. cit. , p. 215. 39 This theme was studied by Leonard Blusse in â€Å"Inpo, Chinese Merchant in Pattani: a Study in early Dutch-Chinese relations† (1977), p. 294. Blusse mentions —the Chinese sources and Gao Tzai mentioned as well— how a strange individual â€Å"with exotic tales such as the eating of live children’s brains;† how Shen You-rong, an exemplary Confucian official who wrote a book collecting the panegyrics which his friends dedicated to him. 40 You can read the resume of this person already cited in the Dictionary of the Ming Biography, vol. II, pp. 1192-1194. Shen You-rong gained prestige through this action, but Gao Tzai, resenting him, opposed whatever compensation to be given to him, and in the autumn of 1606, obtained that he be sent to a secondary military post in the province of Zhejiang. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 14 In the fourth place, and so that we may understand why the local magistrates of Fujian could not act on this problem according to their own standards, we are now going to consider the figure of Emperor Wan Li himself and his style of government, many times branded as indolent, irresponsible and indecisive, making him disregard any unpleasant advice and the remonstrations of his officers. 41 His inaction encouraged partisanship which fostered antagonism between the emperor and his court. The emperor became more withdrawn and his court dealings increasingly confined to written communication which, more than once, he would intentionally refuse to read. These descriptions of Wan Li perfectly explain the difficulties encountered by his officers, as culled from the Chinese sources: their inability to put a stop to the exploration of the â€Å"mountain of gold,† their forced collaboration with this expedition out of pure call of duty, even if they knew that they were indirectly protecting detestable fortune hunters. Consequently, during the reign of Emperor Wan Li, the coastal provinces seemed to be very much cut off from Beijing, which was why the mandarins had to choose between loyalty to the emperor and petty conflicts of local concern. And when the situation became out of hand, even persons like Xu Xue-ju (an honorable magistrate) sought pragmatic solutions to put an end to a hopeless predicament. This, at least, seems to be confirmed in Chapter 47 of Guo Que which makes a general summary of all that had happened in the months after the massacre: â€Å"The barbarians are afraid that China launches a punitive act against Luzon, which is why they sent some spies to Macao. However, the magistrates of Fujian and Guangdong did not want to report this. They only told the emperor half the truth, which is why the emperor only ordered the 42 people of Luzon: stop creating more problems! And thus the things remained as they were. † 41 See Ray Huang, Op. cit. , pp. 514-517. We have a most valuable testimony corresponding to the second document which Benavides translated and sent to the King of Spain, which carried a title he himself explains, â€Å"Copy of the petition which the supreme magistrate of the province or the reign of hongkong gave to the King of China in order to persuade him not to listen to some Chinese who, in the year 1603, wanted to come from China to do battle and take the land of Luzon (Philippines) and that the King gave license and consent. † Cf. Colin Pastells, vol. II, pp. 416-417. 42 GQ, Chapter 79 (vol. 8, p. 4917) Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 15 How to cite The Chinese Massacre of 1603, Essay examples